蘄(qi)艾(ai)(學名(ming):ArtemisiaargyiLevl.etVan.var.argyicv.Qiai)又(you)名(ming):大(da)葉艾(ai)、祁艾(ai)等,屬桔梗目,菊科多年生草本(ben)或略成(cheng)半灌木狀,因產(chan)(chan)(chan)于蘄(qi)州而得名(ming),蘄(qi)春(chun)縣“蘄(qi)春(chun)四寶”(蘄(qi)竹、蘄(qi)艾(ai)、蘄(qi)蛇、蘄(qi)龜)之(zhi)一,特產(chan)(chan)(chan)中藥材,中國國家地理標志產(chan)(chan)(chan)品,莖(jing)、葉均可入(ru)藥。蘄(qi)艾(ai)含17種已知化合物。蘄(qi)艾(ai)油有(you)明顯的平喘、鎮咳、祛(qu)痰及清炎作用。
形態特征
多(duo)年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)草本或(huo)(huo)略成半(ban)灌木(mu)(mu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),植株有(you)(you)(you)濃(nong)烈香氣。主根(gen)明(ming)顯,略粗長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),直徑達1.5厘(li)米(mi),側(ce)(ce)根(gen)多(duo);常有(you)(you)(you)橫臥地下(xia)根(gen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)莖及營養(yang)枝(zhi)(zhi)。莖單(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)或(huo)(huo)少(shao)數,高80-150(-250)厘(li)米(mi),有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)顯縱棱,褐色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)灰(hui)(hui)黃(huang)褐色(se)(se),基(ji)部(bu)稍木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)化(hua),上(shang)部(bu)草質(zhi),并(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)少(shao)數短(duan)的(de)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi),枝(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5厘(li)米(mi);莖、枝(zhi)(zhi)均被(bei)灰(hui)(hui)色(se)(se)蛛(zhu)絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)柔毛(mao)。葉(xie)(xie)厚(hou)紙質(zhi),上(shang)面(mian)(mian)被(bei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)短(duan)柔毛(mao),并(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)色(se)(se)腺點(dian)與(yu)小(xiao)凹(ao)點(dian),背面(mian)(mian)密(mi)被(bei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)蛛(zhu)絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)密(mi)絨(rong)毛(mao);基(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)(xie)具(ju)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)柄,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)萎謝;莖下(xia)部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)近(jin)(jin)(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)寬(kuan)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing),羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)裂(lie),每(mei)(mei)(mei)側(ce)(ce)具(ju)裂(lie)片2-3枚(mei)(mei),裂(lie)片橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)倒卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),每(mei)(mei)(mei)裂(lie)片有(you)(you)(you)2-3枚(mei)(mei)小(xiao)裂(lie)齒,干后背面(mian)(mian)主、側(ce)(ce)脈多(duo)為深(shen)褐色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)銹(xiu)色(se)(se),葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5-0.8厘(li)米(mi);中部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)、三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)近(jin)(jin)(jin)菱形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)5-8厘(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)4-7厘(li)米(mi),一(至(zhi)二(er))回(hui)羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)深(shen)裂(lie)至(zhi)半(ban)裂(lie),每(mei)(mei)(mei)側(ce)(ce)裂(lie)片2-3枚(mei)(mei),裂(lie)片卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)、卵(luan)(luan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)2.5-5厘(li)米(mi),寬(kuan)1.5-2厘(li)米(mi),不再(zai)分(fen)裂(lie)或(huo)(huo)每(mei)(mei)(mei)側(ce)(ce)有(you)(you)(you)1-2枚(mei)(mei)缺(que)齒,葉(xie)(xie)基(ji)部(bu)寬(kuan)楔形(xing)(xing)漸狹成短(duan)柄,葉(xie)(xie)脈明(ming)顯,在(zai)背面(mian)(mian)凸(tu)起(qi),干時銹(xiu)色(se)(se),葉(xie)(xie)柄長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)0.2-0.5厘(li)米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)通常無假托(tuo)葉(xie)(xie)或(huo)(huo)極小(xiao)的(de)假托(tuo)葉(xie)(xie);上(shang)部(bu)葉(xie)(xie)與(yu)苞(bao)片葉(xie)(xie)羽(yu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)半(ban)裂(lie)、淺裂(lie)或(huo)(huo)3深(shen)裂(lie)或(huo)(huo)3淺裂(lie),或(huo)(huo)不分(fen)裂(lie),而為橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)、披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)線(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)。頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),直徑2.5-3(-3.5)毫米(mi),無梗或(huo)(huo)近(jin)(jin)(jin)無梗,每(mei)(mei)(mei)數枚(mei)(mei)至(zhi)10余枚(mei)(mei)在(zai)分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)排成小(xiao)型的(de)穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)復穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu),并(bing)(bing)在(zai)莖上(shang)通常再(zai)組成狹窄、尖塔(ta)形(xing)(xing)的(de)圓(yuan)錐花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)下(xia)傾;總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片3-4層(ceng),覆瓦狀(zhuang)(zhuang)排列(lie),外層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片小(xiao),草質(zhi),卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)狹卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing),背面(mian)(mian)密(mi)被(bei)灰(hui)(hui)白(bai)色(se)(se)蛛(zhu)絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)綿毛(mao),邊緣膜質(zhi),中層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片較外層(ceng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing),背面(mian)(mian)被(bei)蛛(zhu)絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)綿毛(mao),內層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片質(zhi)薄,背面(mian)(mian)近(jin)(jin)(jin)無毛(mao);花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)(xu)托(tuo)小(xiao);雌花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)6-10朵,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)狹管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),檐部(bu)具(ju)2裂(lie)齒,紫(zi)色(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)細(xi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),伸出(chu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)外甚長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang),先端2叉;兩性花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)8-12朵,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)管(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)(huo)高腳杯狀(zhuang)(zhuang),外面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)腺點(dian),檐部(bu)紫(zi)色(se)(se),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥狹線(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing),先端附屬物尖,長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)三角形(xing)(xing),基(ji)部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)不明(ming)顯的(de)小(xiao)尖頭,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱(zhu)與(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)近(jin)(jin)(jin)等(deng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)(huo)略長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)于花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan),先端2叉,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)后向外彎曲,叉端截形(xing)(xing),并(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)(you)睫(jie)毛(mao)。瘦果(guo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)果(guo)期(qi)7-10月(yue)。
生(sheng)(sheng)長習性(xing) 蘄艾(ai)喜溫暖、濕潤的氣候(hou),以潮濕肥沃(wo)的土壤生(sheng)(sheng)長較好(hao)。人(ren)工栽培在(zai)丘陵(ling)、低(di)中山地區,生(sheng)(sheng)長繁盛期24~30℃,氣溫高于30℃莖(jing)桿易老化,抽枝(zhi),病蟲(chong)害加(jia)重,冬季低(di)溫小于-3℃當年生(sheng)(sheng)宿根生(sheng)(sheng)長不好(hao)。
地理分布
分布廣,除極干旱與高寒地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)外,幾遍及(ji)全中(zhong)國。生于低海(hai)拔至中(zhong)海(hai)拔地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)荒地(di)(di)(di)、路(lu)旁河邊及(ji)山坡等地(di)(di)(di),也(ye)見于森林(lin)草(cao)原(yuan)及(ji)草(cao)原(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),局部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)為植物群落的(de)優勢種。蒙古(gu)、朝(chao)鮮、蘇聯(遠東地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu))也(ye)有。日本有栽培。
選地整地
蘄艾(ai)極易繁衍生(sheng)長,對氣候(hou)和土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤的(de)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)較強,耐寒耐旱,田邊、地(di)(di)頭、山坡、荒地(di)(di)均可(ke)選(xuan)擇為種植(zhi)地(di)(di)。蘄艾(ai)的(de)適(shi)應(ying)性(xing)很強,為了節約土(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)資(zi)源,應(ying)選(xuan)擇丘(qiu)陵等進行合(he)(he)理布局;基地(di)(di)應(ying)有(you)灌溉水(shui)條件,附近無(wu)居民(min)生(sheng)活(huo)水(shui)和工業水(shui)污染(ran);基地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤、大氣質量應(ying)符合(he)(he)國(guo)家級二標(biao)準(zhun),生(sheng)產用水(shui)應(ying)符合(he)(he)農田灌溉水(shui)質標(biao)準(zhun),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤應(ying)無(wu)有(you)毒有(you)害(hai)藥(yao)物殘留和人(ren)畜糞便、生(sheng)活(huo)垃圾污染(ran),并按規定定期進行檢測。以土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)深厚、土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤通透性(xing)好(hao)、有(you)機質豐富的(de)中性(xing)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤為好(hao)。根據種植(zhi)地(di)(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)結(jie)構特點,適(shi)度掌握(wo)犁耙次數(shu),結(jie)合(he)(he)整(zheng)地(di)(di)施(shi)足經充(chong)分腐熟達到無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)化(hua)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)雜肥22.5~30.0t/hm ,均勻(yun)混合(he)(he)翻入土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng),然后修溝做廂待種。
繁殖方法
蘄艾的繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)方法有種(zhong)(zhong)子繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)、根狀(zhuang)莖繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)、分株繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)。種(zhong)(zhong)子繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)出芽(ya)率低,僅為5%,且苗期長(chang)(2年),一般(ban)不(bu)(bu)采用;根狀(zhuang)莖繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi),成(cheng)(cheng)活率高,但(dan)苗期較長(chang)(2個月);分株繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)最好(hao),不(bu)(bu)僅成(cheng)(cheng)活率高且無幼苗生長(chang)期,繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)速度快,為普遍(bian)采用。選育良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)求葉(xie)片肥厚而大,莖桿粗壯直(zhi)立,葉(xie)色濃綠(lv),氣味濃郁,密(mi)被絨(rong)毛,幼苗根系發達。
栽植密度
2-3月,苗(miao)(miao)高5~10cm,選地面潮(chao)濕(shi)(最(zui)好(hao)是雨(yu)后或(huo)陰(yin)天(tian))時,從母株(zhu)(zhu)莖基分離的幼(you)苗(miao)(miao),按(an)株(zhu)(zhu)行距(ju)30cm×40cm栽苗(miao)(miao),每(mei)穴2~3株(zhu)(zhu),覆土(tu)壓(ya)實(shi)。栽后2~3d內如果沒有下雨(yu),要滴水保(bao)墑。栽植(zhi)150株(zhu)(zhu)/m ,平(ping)均每(mei)株(zhu)(zhu)產干艾葉(xie)4g,單產干艾葉(xie)5250kg/hm 左(zuo)右。