新興香荔該產品具有果實皮薄而紅,肉白蠟色,爽脆多汁,甘甜帶香,核小,可食率高等優點,啖之口內留香持久,與糯米糍、桂味、黑葉等荔枝不相伯仲。在新興縣廣泛種植,成為新興最早的特產。新興香荔,廣東省新興縣特產荔枝,中國國家地理標志產品。新興香荔系嶺南十大佳果之一,新興“三大寶”之一 。
種植環境
新興縣(xian)地(di)處(chu)廣東省中部偏(pian)西,屬亞熱帶季風氣(qi)候,季節分明,霜期(qi)短。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫21.5℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)(ri)照總時(shi)(shi)數1696小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),日(ri)(ri)均(jun)(jun)4.65小(xiao)時(shi)(shi),日(ri)(ri)照率(lv)39.2%。太(tai)陽輻射總量(liang)年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)每平(ping)方(fang)102.4千(qian)卡。日(ri)(ri)照穩定≥10℃的歷(li)年(nian)總積溫平(ping)均(jun)(jun)值7398.2℃。境內中部年(nian)均(jun)(jun)有霜日(ri)(ri)數5.9天,初(chu)霜日(ri)(ri)一般出現在12月份,霜期(qi)20-60天之間(jian)。年(nian)降雨量(liang)1663.7毫米,多集中在5、6月和8、9月份。
種植歷史
新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),起源(yuan)于福建省荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“狀元紅”。明(ming)(ming)代,新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有黑(hei)葉、進(jin)(jin)奉、桂味等。1406年(nian)(nian)(明(ming)(ming)永樂(le)四年(nian)(nian))進(jin)(jin)士(shi)黎常(新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)籍人)從(cong)福建引進(jin)(jin)狀元紅荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)樹苗回縣(xian)培育成新(xin)(xin)(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),因其(qi)果小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao),顏色(se)鮮紅,核(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)如米,肉(rou)脆味香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),有別于其(qi)他荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),故得名(ming)“新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)”。1758年(nian)(nian)(清乾隆二(er)十三年(nian)(nian))《新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)縣(xian)志》載:“香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi),兩粵所無,唯新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有之(zhi)(zhi)。或(huo)無核(he),或(huo)有核(he)而絕(jue)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。他處蒔之(zhi)(zhi)則(ze)變(bian)。”《羅浮志》也載:“荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)有多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),出(chu)新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者為香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li),實(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)核(he)焦而香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)美……甘酸宜人。其(qi)核(he)細者謂之(zhi)(zhi)焦核(he),荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)最珍者也。”《廣州雜(za)記》更贊譽新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)的珍稀(xi):“粵荔(li)(li)(li)(li)多(duo)(duo)(duo)不(bu)及閩……而新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)者過之(zhi)(zhi)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)干(gan),美于閩之(zhi)(zhi)狀元紅,官(guan)其(qi)地(di)者亦不(bu)可多(duo)(duo)(duo)得,彼人取荔(li)(li)(li)(li)漿(jiang)為酒……色(se)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)味俱美。”清代,新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)被列為貢品(pin)。其(qi)時,每年(nian)(nian)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)收獲時節,必由縣(xian)官(guan)派(pai)(pai)遣差役下鄉,四出(chu)查勘,遇(yu)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)農(nong)戶,便指派(pai)(pai)解(jie)額(e)上送(song),違者則(ze)以欺騙(pian)論(lun)罪。1900年(nian)(nian)(清光(guang)緒二(er)十六年(nian)(nian))新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)知縣(xian)王耀曾到任(ren),深察民情(qing),即(ji)于縣(xian)署后曠地(di)(中(zhong)山公園)蒔植(zhi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)樹百余株(zhu),以為解(jie)貢之(zhi)(zhi)用。此后,新(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)荔(li)(li)(li)(li)名(ming)負內(nei)外。該(gai)縣(xian)各地(di)均有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi),以環(huan)城、洞口、車崗(gang)、上沙、東成、集成、船(chuan)崗(gang)為主(zhu)產區。民國期間,該(gai)縣(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)有900~1000畝,荔(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)(zhi)樹2.7~3萬(wan)株(zhu)。每逢“大年(nian)(nian)”,總(zong)產約10多(duo)(duo)(duo)萬(wan)公斤。
1949年(nian)為694畝,2.54萬(wan)株,總(zong)產20萬(wan)公斤。1949年(nian)后,成為廣東荔枝著(zhu)名品種(zhong)之一。1951年(nian)9月,華南植物(wu)園科(ke)技(ji)人員(yuan)在(zai)新(xin)(xin)興(xing)縣(xian)城郊(jiao)井料崗圈接(jie)新(xin)(xin)興(xing)香荔樹苗50株送往蘇(su)聯莫(mo)斯科(ke)試種(zhong)。1984年(nian)日本京都大學教授柳田圣山到(dao)新(xin)(xin)興(xing)縣(xian)觀光后,著(zhu)文稱新(xin)(xin)興(xing)是“荔枝的故(gu)鄉(xiang)”。
新(xin)興(xing)香荔(li)具有嶺南荔(li)枝珍品的(de)盛(sheng)譽,又(you)具有栽培(pei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)成(cheng)樹結果難的(de)特點,如管(guan)(guan)理(li)不(bu)(bu)當,則不(bu)(bu)結果,或(huo)種性(xing)退(tui)化,果實變(bian)小,細核率降低,香味變(bian)淡,酸性(xing)過(guo)濃。1957年(nian)(nian)后,該(gai)縣曾多次進行培(pei)植(zhi)、擴種,但成(cheng)效不(bu)(bu)顯(xian)著(zhu)。至1978年(nian)(nian),全縣香荔(li)秧植(zhi)面積(ji)4939畝,有荔(li)枝樹74085株,其中(zhong)成(cheng)樹面積(ji)3326畝,共(gong)49890株。是年(nian)(nian),總產(chan)30.98萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤。1985年(nian)(nian)種植(zhi)面積(ji)發(fa)展至6755畝,總產(chan)40.83萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤。因產(chan)量少,供不(bu)(bu)應求情(qing)況日益突出。
新(xin)(xin)興的(de)農(nong)業(ye)土(tu)壤調查(cha)表明,該縣所有(you)低丘緩坡(po)地和旱耕地的(de)土(tu)壤均為(wei)壤土(tu)和紅壤土(tu),而(er)香荔絕大(da)部(bu)分種植(zhi)在這些類型的(de)土(tu)地上(shang)。據觀察,新(xin)(xin)興香荔對土(tu)壤適應性較廣,在村(cun)邊、房(fang)前屋后、旱地、山(shan)坡(po)上(shang)種植(zhi)均能正常生長。新(xin)(xin)興縣氣候地理條件(jian)對荔枝生長非常有(you)利。
生產情況
根(gen)據資(zi)料顯示,新興香荔(li)到(dao)20世紀(ji)60年代后期,其種植面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為2100多(duo)畝(mu)(mu),結果樹(shu)為1800多(duo)畝(mu)(mu),產量多(duo)年在500噸(dun)左右。20世紀(ji)80年代中期,該(gai)品(pin)種種植面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)擴(kuo)大(da)到(dao)6500畝(mu)(mu),至1990年擴(kuo)大(da)到(dao)1.1萬(wan)(wan);2004年總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)達2.15萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),投產面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)1.76萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu),總產5620噸(dun),為歷史最(zui)高產量。
新興香(xiang)荔品質(zhi)極優(you),每年都是(shi)供不(bu)應求,其(qi)主要(yao)表現(xian)在:
(1)產量少;
(2)品質優;
(3)遲熟。收獲期在(zai)7月(yue)上旬至中旬前期,比糯米糍及桂(gui)味遲5-7天,是荔(li)枝(zhi)上市最遲的品種。其新興(xing)一帶市場占(zhan)有率在(zai)40-60%之間。
生物特性
新興香荔在小(xiao)樓和(he)三江(jiang)鎮有少(shao)量(liang)栽培。葉披針形或長(chang)(chang)橢圓形,葉尖(jian)漸尖(jian),葉緣呈波浪狀;果小(xiao),平均單果重10.6克,長(chang)(chang)卵形,果肩平;果皮深紅色,皮滑,龜裂(lie)片(pian)隆起,裂(lie)片(pian)峰銳尖(jian);果肉白蠟色,質爽脆,味(wei)清甜帶(dai)濃香,多汁,含可溶性固(gu)形物(wu)18%左右(you),100毫升果汁含維生素C21.12~23.32毫克,酸0.29~0.33克,可食率77.6%。種子極小(xiao),全部退化為焦核;2月(yue)下(xia)旬~3月(yue)中旬開花,6月(yue)下(xia)旬果成熟。
該品種(zhong)肉厚質爽脆,有濃香味,種(zhong)子(zi)極小,品質優;但果很小,產量不高(gao),而且大小年結果現象明(ming)顯。