一.產品介紹
巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)在當(dang)地(di)(di)栽(zai)培歷史悠久,據(ju)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)《林業》記載:“巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)是縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)內特(te)有(you)的(de)晚(wan)熟(shu)耐儲(chu)藏的(de)優(you)(you)良(liang)品種,已(yi)有(you)近百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)栽(zai)培歷史”。 因成(cheng)熟(shu)于冬季,群眾又稱之為“冬雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)”。 據(ju)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)科技(ji)局整理(li)的(de)資(zi)料《紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)王》中(zhong)記載:“在巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)海拔2400米(mi)的(de)鼠街(jie)新家(jia)(jia)村上(shang)對生(sheng)長有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)株自然雜交而成(cheng)的(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li),據(ju)有(you)關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)認(ren)定(ding)該樹(shu)(shu)至(zhi)(zhi)今已(yi)在這片土地(di)(di)上(shang)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)挺立了兩百多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)”。據(ju)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)(di)方舊志(zhi)叢書(shu)(shu)(清(qing))《蒙化志(zhi)稿》第(di)十四卷(juan)物產(chan)(chan)(chan)志(zhi)記載:“梨(li)(li)(li)(一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)快果(guo),一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)玉(yu)乳,一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming)蜜父(fu),有(you)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)、蠻梨(li)(li)(li)、香酥、早白、火把、花紅(hong)(hong)(hong)、水(shui)扁(bian)數種)”。據(ju)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)《林業》、《巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》及(ji)《巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)鑒》記載:“1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)(zhi)1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),由縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政協牽(qian)頭(tou),組(zu)織了縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)科委、民委、經(jing)協辦(ban)、農(nong)業局、國土辦(ban)等有(you)關(guan)單位進行(xing)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)資(zi)源(yuan)調查,獲(huo)得巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)科技(ji)成(cheng)果(guo)二(er)等獎,并(bing)(bing)于1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月在《云(yun)(yun)南(nan)科技(ji)報》進行(xing)了報道。1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),經(jing)有(you)關(guan)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)鑒定(ding),巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)為云(yun)(yun)南(nan)罕(han)見(jian)品種,具(ju)有(you)開發(fa)價值。1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)開發(fa)被列為云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)‘星火計(ji)(ji)劃(hua)’項目之一(yi)(yi)(yi)。1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底統計(ji)(ji),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)掛(gua)果(guo)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)6萬多(duo)株,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量100萬斤。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)被云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)溫帶果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)評委會評為省(sheng)晚(wan)熟(shu)梨(li)(li)(li)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)名(ming),并(bing)(bing)頒(ban)發(fa)了證書(shu)(shu)。1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲(huo)得云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)農(nong)牧(mu)漁業廳優(you)(you)質(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)果(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品證書(shu)(shu),1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)獲(huo)得中(zhong)國第(di)二(er)屆農(nong)業博覽會銀質(zhi)(zhi)獎產(chan)(chan)(chan)品”。 巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)晚(wan)熟(shu)、耐貯藏、外(wai)觀艷麗(li),富含氨(an)基酸,營養豐富,深(shen)受消(xiao)費者青睞,市(shi)場供不應求。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)彝(yi)族(zu)回(hui)族(zu)自治縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)綠源(yuan)林果(guo)有(you)限責(ze)任公司生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)獲(huo)得了“綠色食品A級”認(ren)證。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),巍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)山(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)雪(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)梨(li)(li)(li)被云(yun)(yun)南(nan)省(sheng)列為農(nong)業地(di)(di)方標準示(shi)范項目。
二.自然生(sheng)態環境和人文(wen)歷史因(yin)素
(1)地(di)(di)(di)質地(di)(di)(di)貌 種植(zhi)區地(di)(di)(di)勢由(you)西(xi)北(bei)向東南傾斜(xie)和降低(di)(di),西(xi)部為(wei)(wei)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)峽谷,東部為(wei)(wei)高(gao)山(shan)(shan),中間為(wei)(wei)巍山(shan)(shan)壩子,最(zui)高(gao)海(hai)拔3037 m,最(zui)低(di)(di)海(hai)拔1146 m,平均海(hai)拔1780 m。適宜種植(zhi)的(de)海(hai)拔為(wei)(wei)1700m~2400m,土壤(rang)主(zhu)要類型以紫色土和紅壤(rang)土為(wei)(wei)主(zhu), PH值5.6~7.2的(de)山(shan)(shan)區半山(shan)(shan)區及(ji)緩坡(po)地(di)(di)(di),土壤(rang)有機質含量高(gao),疏(shu)松、透氣、排水(shui)良好。
(2)水文情(qing)況 種(zhong)植(zhi)區主要河(he)流(liu)(liu)有漾江和西河(he),流(liu)(liu)經縣(xian)內十個鄉(xiang)鎮,漾江歸入(ru)瀾滄江水系,西河(he)歸入(ru)紅河(he)水系。種(zhong)植(zhi)區水資源豐富,水質(zhi)優良。
(3)氣(qi)候情況(kuang) 種植區屬(shu)北亞(ya)熱帶高原(yuan)季風氣(qi)候,境內山勢磅礴,峻嶺(ling)逶迤,河谷(gu)、山地(di)、壩子相間分(fen)布,在特定的(de)地(di)理條件下形成了冬無(wu)嚴寒、夏無(wu)酷暑(shu)、冬干夏雨、干濕季分(fen)明(ming)和(he)氣(qi)候水平分(fen)布復雜,“立體氣(qi)候”明(ming)顯的(de)地(di)域性(xing)氣(qi)候及立體性(xing)氣(qi)候特征。年最(zui)高氣(qi)溫32.4℃,最(zui)低氣(qi)溫-1.1℃,年平均氣(qi)溫15.8℃;無(wu)霜期246天(tian);年平均日照(zhao)時數為2342.8小時,冬半(ban)年多于夏半(ban)年;年平均降雨量800~1000mm,主要集中在7、8月份。
三.地域范圍
巍山紅雪梨產于(yu)云南(nan)省大(da)理(li)白族自(zi)治州(zhou)巍山彝族回族自(zi)治縣(xian)境內,種(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域涉及馬鞍山鄉(xiang)、巍寶山鄉(xiang)、五印鄉(xiang)、紫金鄉(xiang)、南(nan)詔鎮(zhen)(zhen)、廟街(jie)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大(da)倉(cang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、永建(jian)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、牛街(jie)鄉(xiang)、青華鄉(xiang)十個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen),地理(li)坐(zuo)標為:東經(jing)99°55′~100°25′、北緯24°56′~25°32′之間(jian),東西寬47㎞,南(nan)北長65㎞,種(zhong)植(zhi)總面積2000公頃(qing),年產量50000噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
(1)外在感(gan)官(guan)特征 巍山紅雪梨成(cheng)年(nian)果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹樹高1.5m以上,整(zheng)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)修剪多為主干疏散分(fen)層形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和自然(ran)開心形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),葉翠綠(lv);是一種晚(wan)熟優質水果(guo)(guo)(guo),每年(nian)2月底3月初開花,10—12月成(cheng)熟;耐貯藏,可貯藏到翌年(nian)梨花盛開時節;果(guo)(guo)(guo)卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),大小整(zheng)齊,平均單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重150~250克,表皮底色(se)(se)發黃(huang),三分(fen)之二以上果(guo)(guo)(guo)面(mian)鮮紅色(se)(se),似胭(yan)脂紅,色(se)(se)澤鮮艷美觀,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)白色(se)(se),肉(rou)質細而(er)質脆、汁多無渣、酸甜適中(zhong)。
(2)內(nei)在品質指標 巍山紅(hong)雪梨口感嫩脆,汁多、無渣、核小,酸(suan)甜(tian)適度,營養豐富, 耐儲藏。可溶性(xing)固形物≥8.0%;硬度≥2.8 kg f/平方(fang)厘米;總糖≥4.8%;可滴定酸(suan)≤3.0g/kg;總氨(an)基酸(suan)≥1.8%;維生(sheng)素C≥2.0㎎/100g。
(3)安(an)全要(yao)求(qiu) 巍山紅(hong)雪(xue)梨產地環(huan)境按照《NY5013-2006 無公害(hai)食品林果(guo)類(lei)產品產地環(huan)境條件》執行(xing);產品質(zhi)量符(fu)合《GB/T 10650-2008鮮梨》產品標準(zhun)。
五.特定生產方式
(1)產地(di)選擇(ze) 一般選擇(ze)海拔1700~2400m,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)主要類(lei)型以紫色土(tu)(tu)和紅壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)為主,PH值5.6~7.2,年平(ping)均氣溫15.8℃,無霜期246天;年平(ping)均日照時(shi)數(shu)不低于2342.8小時(shi),年平(ping)均降雨(yu)量(liang)800~1000mm的山(shan)區半山(shan)區及緩坡(po)地(di),土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)有機質含量(liang)高(gao),疏松、透氣、排水良(liang)好,背風向陽,周圍(wei)無柏(bo)樹和泡桐種植(zhi)的地(di)區種植(zhi)。
(2)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇 巍山紅雪梨(li)選(xuan)擇品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植歷史悠久,屬(shu)于優質晚(wan)熟耐儲藏且(qie)抗(kang)逆性、抗(kang)病性強的優良地(di)方(fang)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
(3)種植規程
①砧(zhen)木培育(yu) 苗地選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze):選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)地勢(shi)平坦,土壤肥沃,土層(ceng)深厚,灌(guan)水、排水方便的(de)沙壤土或壤土,周(zhou)邊環境無污染的(de)地方。 苗木培育(yu):選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)本地川梨(li)(li)作為砧(zhen)木,選(xuan)(xuan)用種性純(chun)正(zheng),豐產性好,抗逆性、抗病性強,且(qie)五年以上(shang)結(jie)果株為采(cai)穗母樹(shu)的(de)巍山紅雪(xue)梨(li)(li)接穗。
②嫁(jia)(jia)接 嫁(jia)(jia)接以枝(zhi)接為主,一般在(zai)早春樹液開始流動時進行,以立(li)春前后20天(tian)為宜,嫁(jia)(jia)接時把握好“快、平(ping)、凈、齊、緊”五(wu)個要領(ling),即:嫁(jia)(jia)接操作時間短(duan),速度快;使砧木和(he)接穗的切面光滑平(ping)整;保(bao)證接穗和(he)砧木的切面清潔(jie)無污染;保(bao)證砧木和(he)接穗的形成(cheng)層對齊;保(bao)證包扎不漏氣,可(ke)提高嫁(jia)(jia)接成(cheng)活力。
③出圃 當苗(miao)高長至1m以(yi)上(shang),直徑0.8cm以(yi)上(shang)時可出圃移栽,要求(qiu)梨苗(miao)根系(xi)生長完好,無病蟲害、無損傷,無失(shi)水現(xian)象。
④建(jian)園 整地(di):坡(po)地(di)應(ying)修筑梯地(di)或魚鱗(lin)臺。按株(zhu)(zhu)行距(ju)挖(wa)(wa)穴(溝(gou))寬80cm,深60cm的(de)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)穴(溝(gou))。開挖(wa)(wa)時(shi)要把表土(tu)和心土(tu)分開堆(dui)放,定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)穴(溝(gou))上下寬度要保持一(yi)致(zhi)。穴(溝(gou))挖(wa)(wa)好后,先填(tian)入30~40cm左右的(de)作(zuo)物(wu)秸稈或綠肥,并將(jiang)表土(tu)加入踏緊(jin),再用(yong)足量(liang)腐熟(shu)有機(ji)肥和少量(liang)化肥與(yu)土(tu)混合填(tian)入。 栽植(zhi)方式與(yu)密度:定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)時(shi),將(jiang)梨(li)(li)苗主(zhu)根剪除2~3cm,除去嫁(jia)接(jie)口薄膜,嫁(jia)接(jie)口需露出(chu)地(di)面5~10cm,踏實根部(bu)土(tu)壤(rang),培半(ban)徑(jing)50cm 左右樹(shu)(shu)盤(pan),并高(gao)于(yu)地(di)面30㎝,澆足定(ding)(ding)根水,然后用(yong)薄膜覆(fu)蓋(gai)。根據不同地(di)形、地(di)塊(kuai)確(que)定(ding)(ding)種(zhong)植(zhi)密度,常規(gui)株(zhu)(zhu)行距(ju)4m×5m,密植(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)行距(ju)4m×3m。 栽植(zhi)時(shi)間(jian):落葉后至發(fa)芽前(qian),時(shi)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)每年11月至第二年2月。 配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)授粉樹(shu)(shu):巍(wei)山(shan)紅雪梨(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)異花(hua)授粉樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong),所以必須配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花(hua)一(yi)致(zhi)的(de)授粉梨(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu),授粉梨(li)(li)樹(shu)(shu)品種(zhong)可用(yong)黃梨(li)(li)、巍(wei)山(shan)本地(di)蠻(man)梨(li)(li)、火把梨(li)(li)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)授粉樹(shu)(shu)。紅雪梨(li)(li)與(yu)授粉樹(shu)(shu)配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)例為(wei)(wei)8∶1;授粉樹(shu)(shu)應(ying)配置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在上風方口。
⑤土(tu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水管(guan)理(li) 土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)管(guan)理(li):幼年(nian)(nian)果園(yuan)每年(nian)(nian)深(shen)(shen)翻擴穴1-2次(ci)(ci),成年(nian)(nian)果園(yuan)每年(nian)(nian)全(quan)園(yuan)深(shen)(shen)翻或(huo)隔行(xing)(株)深(shen)(shen)翻1-2次(ci)(ci),深(shen)(shen)度(du)一般以(yi)(yi)(yi)30~40cm為(wei)宜。深(shen)(shen)翻時間在冬季落葉前(qian)進行(xing)。 肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)水管(guan)理(li):基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用結合(he)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)深(shen)(shen)翻,以(yi)(yi)(yi)有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),可混(hun)加少量(liang)(liang)(liang)氮(dan)(dan)、磷、鉀素化(hua)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),第(di)一次(ci)(ci)在萌芽(ya)前(qian)后,以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),每株(成年(nian)(nian)樹)2.0~2.5kg;第(di)二次(ci)(ci)在花(hua)(hua)芽(ya)分化(hua)及(ji)果實膨大(da)期(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)速效氮(dan)(dan)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),適(shi)當配(pei)合(he)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)略高于(yu)第(di)一次(ci)(ci);第(di)三次(ci)(ci)在果實生(sheng)長(chang)后期(qi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。其(qi)余時間根(gen)據具體情況(kuang)進行(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)當地的(de)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)條件和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)特(te)點確定。施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)方法(fa)采(cai)用溝(gou)施(shi)(shi)(shi),挖(wa)放射狀(zhuang)溝(gou)或(huo)在樹冠外圍(wei)挖(wa)環狀(zhuang)溝(gou),溝(gou)深(shen)(shen)15cm~20cm。根(gen)外追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)可結合(he)噴(pen)藥施(shi)(shi)(shi)用,全(quan)年(nian)(nian)4~5次(ci)(ci),一般生(sheng)長(chang)前(qian)期(qi) 2 次(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)(yi)氮(dan)(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu);后期(qi)2~3次(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)(yi)磷、鉀肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)應結合(he)灌(guan)水,應根(gen)據土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)墑情及(ji)降雨(yu)情況(kuang)確定是否灌(guan)水,一般全(quan)年(nian)(nian)共3~4次(ci)(ci)。我縣紅(hong)雪梨種植區(qu),冬春應注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)灌(guan)水尤其(qi)是春季梨樹開花(hua)(hua)前(qian)和(he)(he)開花(hua)(hua)后,夏季果實生(sheng)長(chang)期(qi)要注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)(yi)水分供給的(de)均衡性,以(yi)(yi)(yi)防出現裂(lie)果的(de)現象。
⑥整(zheng)形修剪 根據栽培技術、立地(di)條件不(bu)同而異,一(yi)般有主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)疏(shu)散分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形、自(zi)(zi)然開心(xin)形。主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan)疏(shu)散分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形:定干(gan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)通(tong)常為80cm,下端50cm做主(zhu)(zhu)干(gan),上端30cm做整(zheng)形帶;第(di)(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)3個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間(jian)(jian)的角(jiao)度(du)(du)以120°為好,每個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上配(pei)備3個(ge)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)2個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),每個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上配(pei)備2個(ge)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第(di)(di)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)1個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),配(pei)以1~2個(ge)側枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);第(di)(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和第(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)距80~100cm,第(di)(di)二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和第(di)(di)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之間(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)距100~120cm,全樹高(gao)(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)控(kong)制在(zai)3~3.5m。自(zi)(zi)然開心(xin)形:干(gan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)40cm~50cm,主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3~4個(ge),斜(xie)直向上生長(chang),無中心(xin)干(gan),在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上再向外分(fen)生副主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),共(gong)3~4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腰角(jiao)70度(du)(du),大量結果時(shi)達(da)80度(du)(du),樹高(gao)(gao)(gao)控(kong)制在(zai)2~3m。
⑦疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo) 疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通常在落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)高峰過后進行。一般幼(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)間距30cm~35cm。留果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時掌握選(xuan)留第(di)三個果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)或第(di)四個果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。對于開花(hua)量較少的年份,則應(ying)進行保(bao)花(hua)保(bao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),采(cai)取加強(qiang)土肥(fei)水管理、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園放蜂、在盛花(hua)期全(quan)樹噴0.3%硼(peng)砂(sha)和0.3%尿(niao)素及0.5%白砂(sha)糖(tang)混(hun)合液等措(cuo)施,提(ti)高座果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率。
⑧病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi) 以(yi)預防為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),綜合防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)原則,根據病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)的發生(sheng)規律(lv)及時(shi)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。主(zhu)(zhu)要病蟲(chong)(chong)害(hai)有:黑(hei)星病、褐斑病、梨食心蟲(chong)(chong)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)、紅蜘蛛、蝽象。防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)措施以(yi)物(wu)理防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)物(wu)防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),化學防治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)嚴禁(jin)使(shi)用國家(jia)禁(jin)止使(shi)用及高毒(du)高殘(can)留農藥。
(4)采(cai)收(shou) 采(cai)收(shou)期一般在10—12月,采(cai)收(shou)方法人工采(cai)收(shou),根據果實成熟(shu)度和市場需(xu)求適時(shi)采(cai)收(shou)。要(yao)(yao)求采(cai)摘時(shi)輕拿輕放,免碰傷(shang)、刺傷(shang)。果實下樹(shu)后要(yao)(yao)用專用竹籃(lan)或(huo)果框盛放。
(5)生產(chan)安全記錄(lu)(lu) 種植、施肥、病(bing)蟲害(hai)防治、包裝等全過程都要(yao)有記錄(lu)(lu),建立(li)生產(chan)檔(dang)案,以便查閱。立(li)生產(chan)檔(dang)案保存不(bu)低(di)于2年。