【公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)放空間設計】公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)空間的開(kai)放設計 公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)開(kai)放空間設計要(yao)求
公共開放空間：
建(jian)設(she)用地范圍內建(jian)筑(zhu)物內部或外(wai)部開(kai)辟出全天開(kai)放(fang)供公眾使用的(de)(de)室外(wai)場地空(kong)間。公共(gong)開(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間應與建(jian)設(she)用地周(zhou)圍的(de)(de)城市空(kong)間密切聯(lian)系成(cheng)有機的(de)(de)整體。公共(gong)開(kai)放(fang)空(kong)間必(bi)須(xu)符合《標(biao)準與準則》中(zhong)的(de)(de)相關條(tiao)款。
空間組成：
公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)包括(kuo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)和用地單位在建設(she)用地范圍(wei)內開(kai)(kai)(kai)辟的公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)包括(kuo)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)綠地、城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)水體和城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)廣場等。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)公(gong)共(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)的分布與規模(mo)應結合相應層次的城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃協調確(que)定。
設計要求：
公共綠地：
包括公園綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)和街頭(tou)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)。對(dui)于不(bu)同類型的公共綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)，《標(biao)準(zhun)與(yu)準(zhun)則》在規劃設計上(shang)提(ti)出了不(bu)同的要求。
（1）綜(zong)合公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)：綜(zong)合公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)是指具有較豐富的活動(dong)內容和服務設(she)施、適(shi)合公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)眾開展(zhan)各種戶外活動(dong)的規模較大的綠地(di)，人均綠地(di)標準宜大于5平(ping)方米(mi)/人，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)面積(ji)宜大于20公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃。
（2）專類(lei)(lei)公(gong)園：專類(lei)(lei)公(gong)園包括兒童(tong)公(gong)園、植物園、動物園、歷史名園、風(feng)景名勝(sheng)公(gong)園、陵園、游樂公(gong)園和其(qi)它具有(you)特定(ding)(ding)主題(ti)內容(rong)(rong)的(de)專類(lei)(lei)公(gong)園。專類(lei)(lei)公(gong)園的(de)規模應(ying)(ying)(ying)根據其(qi)內容(rong)(rong)和性質(zhi)確定(ding)(ding)。兒童(tong)公(gong)園應(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)兒童(tong)科普(pu)教(jiao)育內容(rong)(rong)和游戲設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，宜(yi)大(da)于2公(gong)頃。動物園（市級）應(ying)(ying)(ying)有(you)適合動物生活的(de)環境，有(you)供游人參觀、休息、進行科普(pu)教(jiao)育的(de)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)，有(you)安全(quan)、衛生隔離的(de)設(she)(she)施(shi)(shi)和綠帶(dai)，但飼(si)料加工(gong)場以及獸醫院、檢疫站、隔離場和飼(si)料基地不(bu)宜(yi)設(she)(she)在園內，全(quan)園的(de)面積宜(yi)大(da)于20公(gong)頃。
專(zhuan)類動物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)具有(you)(you)地(di)區(qu)或類型特點的(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)為主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)容，宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。植物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)（市(shi)(shi)級(ji)）應(ying)(ying)創(chuang)造適(shi)于(yu)多種(zhong)植物(wu)(wu)生長的(de)(de)(de)立地(di)環境，應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)體現本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)特點的(de)(de)(de)科普展(zhan)覽區(qu)和相應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)科研實(shi)驗區(qu)，全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)40公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。專(zhuan)類植物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)具有(you)(you)明(ming)顯特征(zheng)或重(zhong)要(yao)意(yi)義的(de)(de)(de)植物(wu)(wu)為主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)容，全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。盆(pen)景(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)以(yi)展(zhan)出(chu)各(ge)種(zhong)盆(pen)景(jing)(jing)為主(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)容，獨立的(de)(de)(de)盆(pen)景(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。游(you)(you)樂(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是新增設的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)類公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)類型，作為城市(shi)(shi)旅(lv)游(you)(you)景(jing)(jing)點和居民戶外活動場所之(zhi)一的(de)(de)(de)大(da)型游(you)(you)樂(le)場，當其綠化占地(di)比例大(da)于(yu)65%時，可算作“游(you)(you)樂(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”；達(da)不到該項要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)，不能按“公(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)綠地(di)”計算。風景(jing)(jing)名(ming)勝公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)好自然(ran)和人文(wen)(wen)景(jing)(jing)觀的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，設置(zhi)適(shi)量游(you)(you)覽道路以(yi)及休憩、服務等(deng)(deng)設施。歷史名(ming)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修復設計必須符合《中華人民共(gong)和國文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)法(fa)》的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定；為保(bao)護(hu)(hu)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)或便(bian)于(yu)參觀使用(yong)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)而設置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)防火(huo)設施、值班室(shi)、廁所及水電等(deng)(deng)工程管線，不得改變(bian)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)原狀；其他專(zhuan)類公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，應(ying)(ying)有(you)(you)名(ming)副其實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)題內(nei)容，全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)積(ji)宜(yi)大(da)于(yu)2公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。
（3）帶(dai)狀(zhuang)公(gong)園(yuan)：是沿城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)路(lu)、城(cheng)墻(qiang)、水濱(bin)等設置的(de)(de)有(you)一定(ding)游(you)(you)憩設施(shi)的(de)(de)狹長型綠地(di)(di)。帶(dai)狀(zhuang)公(gong)園(yuan)常結合城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)路(lu)、水系、城(cheng)墻(qiang)而建設，是綠地(di)(di)系統中頗具特色的(de)(de)構成(cheng)要素，承擔著(zhu)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)生態走廊的(de)(de)職能。本標準與準則(ze)雖未對帶(dai)狀(zhuang)公(gong)園(yuan)提出寬度(du)規定(ding)，但在帶(dai)狀(zhuang)公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)(de)最(zui)窄(zhai)處必須滿足游(you)(you)人(ren)通行、綠化(hua)種植帶(dai)的(de)(de)延續以及布置小型休(xiu)息設施(shi)的(de)(de)要求。
（4）街(jie)頭綠(lv)(lv)地(di)散布于城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)，雖然(ran)面積較小，但具備游(you)憩和美化城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)功能，是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)量大(da)面廣的(de)一種公共綠(lv)(lv)地(di)類型。“街(jie)頭綠(lv)(lv)地(di)”與(yu)“道路綠(lv)(lv)地(di)”在形(xing)態和功能上并沒有本質(zhi)的(de)區別(bie)，劃分兩者的(de)界限主(zhu)要依據綠(lv)(lv)帶的(de)寬(kuan)度(du)。當沿道路布置的(de)路側綠(lv)(lv)帶寬(kuan)度(du)超過8米(mi)時，根據規(gui)劃可以(yi)劃為“街(jie)頭綠(lv)(lv)地(di)”，算作公共綠(lv)(lv)地(di)；當路側綠(lv)(lv)帶寬(kuan)度(du)不(bu)超過8米(mi)（含8米(mi)）且位于道路紅線范圍(wei)內(nei)時，應計(ji)入(ru)道路廣場用地(di)內(nei)。
城市廣場：
城市廣場應采用無障礙設計。城市廣場的設計應與廣場功能及周邊環境結合，滿足人的活動和空間景觀氛圍的要求；廣場內應設置電話亭、飲水機、標志牌、垃圾箱、座椅（凳）和燈光(guang)照明等設(she)施；規(gui)模較(jiao)大的(de)廣場(chang)應設(she)置公廁。以休(xiu)憩功能為主(zhu)的(de)城市廣場(chang)綠(lv)化覆蓋率不應小于45%，綠(lv)化宜種植高大喬木(mu)。
城市水體：
應保護岸線的(de)自然(ran)形態(tai)和生態(tai)特點，岸線設計(ji)應充(chong)分考慮水(shui)(shui)體的(de)警(jing)戒(jie)水(shui)(shui)位、潮差和綠化。應保持(chi)水(shui)(shui)體沿(yan)岸用(yong)地的(de)開(kai)放性、公共性和可(ke)達性，嚴格控制沿(yan)岸用(yong)地的(de)開(kai)發(fa)強度和機動(dong)車道路(lu)的(de)建設，保持(chi)水(shui)(shui)體和陸地間良好的(de)景觀通透性。
建設用地范圍內的公共開放空間：
建(jian)設(she)用地(di)(di)范圍內開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)的場(chang)地(di)(di)公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)空(kong)間(jian)，與基地(di)(di)地(di)(di)面(mian)高差應(ying)控制在(zai)±6.0米(mi)以(yi)內（含±6.0米(mi)），并應(ying)有寬度(du)不(bu)小于(yu)1.5米(mi)的開(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)性樓(lou)(lou)梯或(huo)坡道連接基地(di)(di)地(di)(di)面(mian)或(huo)道路(lu)。建(jian)筑物地(di)(di)面(mian)首(shou)層架空(kong)作公(gong)共(gong)開(kai)(kai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)空(kong)間(jian)時(shi)，凈(jing)(jing)高不(bu)應(ying)小于(yu)5.4米(mi)，進深不(bu)應(ying)小于(yu)8.0 米(mi)。建(jian)筑物沿街地(di)(di)面(mian)首(shou)層開(kai)(kai)辟(pi)騎(qi)樓(lou)(lou)時(shi)，騎(qi)樓(lou)(lou)凈(jing)(jing)高不(bu)應(ying)小于(yu) 3.6米(mi)，步行(xing)通道最窄處(chu)凈(jing)(jing)寬不(bu)應(ying)小于(yu)3.0米(mi)，騎(qi)樓(lou)(lou)地(di)(di)面(mian)應(ying)與人行(xing)道地(di)(di)面(mian)相平；無人行(xing)道時(shi)應(ying)高出道路(lu)邊界處(chu)10～20厘米(mi)，并應(ying)有防撞和安全措施(shi)。
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