一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)自動(dong)跟蹤裝置是用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)跟蹤太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)器的(de)(de)主(zhu)光(guang)軸始終(zhong)(zhong)與太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)線相平行(xing)的(de)(de)裝置。較常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)平板式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)器和(he)(he)真空管式集(ji)(ji)熱(re)器均采用(yong)(yong)(yong)固定(ding)安裝方(fang)式。這兩(liang)種集(ji)(ji)熱(re)器的(de)(de)共同缺點是太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量密度低，因而(er)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)溫度較低，一般(ban)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)供40~70℃的(de)(de)熱(re)水，不(bu)容(rong)易(yi)得到(dao)高(gao)溫。要提(ti)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量密度則必須使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)器平面始終(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)入射光(guang)垂直，同時(shi)還應對(dui)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)實行(xing)聚焦(jiao)。為了達到(dao)此目的(de)(de)，在使用(yong)(yong)(yong)中需要在方(fang)位角(jiao)和(he)(he)高(gao)度角(jiao)兩(liang)個方(fang)位上不(bu)斷跟蹤太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)器從日出到(dao)日落始終(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)準太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，以提(ti)高(gao)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟(gen)蹤太陽的方法有很多，但不外乎(hu)采用這兩種(zhong)方式(shi)：光(guang)電(dian)跟(gen)蹤和根據視日(ri)運動軌跡跟(gen)蹤。后一種(zhong)跟(gen)蹤方式(shi)又可(ke)以分為雙軸(zhou)跟(gen)蹤和單軸(zhou)跟(gen)蹤。

1、光電跟蹤

國內(nei)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)有：重力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。這些光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)都使用(yong)(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏傳感器，如(ru)硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠(kao)近遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板，調整遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)位置(zhi)使遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于(yu)陰(yin)影區。當太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)西(xi)移時，遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)陰(yin)影隨之移動，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受到陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直(zhi)射，輸出一定值的(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，發(fa)出偏差信號，經(jing)放大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)放大(da)，控制跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，完成跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤.光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤的(de)(de)優點是靈敏度高，結構(gou)設計較為(wei)方便。其(qi)缺點是受到天氣的(de)(de)影響很(hen)大(da)。如(ru)果在稍長時間段里出現烏(wu)云遮住(zhu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線往(wang)往(wang)不能照(zhao)到硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上，導致(zhi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)無法對準(zhun)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，甚至會引起執行機構(gou)的(de)(de)誤動作。下面簡要介紹(shao)一下太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤經(jing)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)到的(de)(de)兩種(zhong)方法。

（1）太陽能電池板光(guang)強比(bi)較法(fa)

把兩塊完(wan)全相(xiang)同的(de)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)按照一(yi)定的(de)角(jiao)度(du)連接成“人”字(zi)型，它們(men)既用(yong)作光(guang)電(dian)轉(zhuan)化的(de)電(dian)池，也起光(guang)敏器件(jian)的(de)作用(yong)。太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)垂(chui)直照射地(di)面(mian)時(shi)，兩塊電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)得(de)到(dao)的(de)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)的(de)能(neng)(neng)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)完(wan)全相(xiang)等，產生(sheng)的(de)光(guang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)小相(xiang)等，此(ci)時(shi)控制它們(men)方(fang)位的(de)電(dian)動機不工(gong)作。入射太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)與地(di)面(mian)的(de)夾(jia)角(jiao)改變時(shi)，如(ru)果甲電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得(de)到(dao)太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)的(de)能(neng)(neng)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)大(da)于(yu)乙電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得(de)到(dao)的(de)能(neng)(neng)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)，則(ze)甲電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)產生(sheng)的(de)光(guang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)強(qiang)度(du)就大(da)于(yu)乙電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)光(guang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)強(qiang)度(du)，利用(yong)這(zhe)一(yi)信號(hao)驅動電(dian)動機轉(zhuan)動，使(shi)得(de)電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與太陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)的(de)夾(jia)角(jiao)同光(guang)垂(chui)直于(yu)地(di)面(mian)時(shi)完(wan)全相(xiang)同。其優點為調節較(jiao)為精(jing)確，電(dian)路也比較(jiao)簡單，但兩個電(dian)池板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間的(de)夾(jia)角(jiao)始終存在，永遠無法達到(dao)真(zhen)正意義上(shang)的(de)垂(chui)直。

（2）光(guang)敏電阻光(guang)強比較法(fa)

利用(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照時(shi)阻(zu)值發生變化的(de)(de)原理(li)，將(jiang)兩(liang)個(ge)完全相同的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)分(fen)別放(fang)置(zhi)于(yu)一塊電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)東西方(fang)向邊沿處的(de)(de)下方(fang)（光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)垂直時(shi)一半可接收光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，一半在(zai)下邊）。如(ru)果(guo)太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直照射太陽(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)時(shi)，兩(liang)個(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)接收到的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照強度(du)相同，所以它們的(de)(de)阻(zu)值完全相等(deng)，此時(shi)電(dian)動機(ji)不轉(zhuan)動。當太陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)方(fang)向與電(dian)池(chi)板(ban)(ban)垂直方(fang)向有夾角時(shi)，接收光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強多(duo)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)阻(zu)值減小，驅動電(dian)動機(ji)轉(zhuan)動，直至(zhi)兩(liang)個(ge)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)阻(zu)上的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照強度(du)相同。其優點在(zai)于(yu)控制較精確，且電(dian)路也比較容易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)一般采(cai)(cai)用以(yi)下三種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)式：傾斜布(bu)置(zhi)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦(jiao)線南(nan)北水平布(bu)置(zhi)，東(dong)西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦(jiao)線東(dong)西(xi)(xi)水平布(bu)置(zhi)，南(nan)北跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。這(zhe)三種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)式基本上都(dou)是單軸轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)南(nan)北方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)或東(dong)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)，工(gong)作(zuo)原理基本相(xiang)似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)軸（或焦(jiao)線）系東(dong)西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)布(bu)置(zhi)。然后根據太(tai)陽赤緯角的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)使柱(zhu)形拋物(wu)面反射鏡繞轉(zhuan)軸作(zuo)俯(fu)仰(yang)轉(zhuan)動，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)陽。采(cai)(cai)用這(zhe)種(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)式時，一天之中只有正(zheng)午時刻太(tai)陽光(guang)與柱(zhu)形拋物(wu)面的(de)(de)母線相(xiang)垂直，此時熱(re)(re)流最大(da)。而(er)在早(zao)上或下午太(tai)陽光(guang)線都(dou)是斜射，所(suo)以(yi)一天之中熱(re)(re)流的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)比較大(da)。采(cai)(cai)用單軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)(fang)式的(de)(de)特點(dian)是結構簡單，但是由于(yu)入射光(guang)線不能(neng)始終與主(zhu)光(guang)軸平行，從收集(ji)太(tai)陽能(neng)來說并不理想(xiang)。如果能(neng)夠(gou)在太(tai)陽高度(du)和赤緯角的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)上都(dou)能(neng)夠(gou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)陽就可(ke)以(yi)獲(huo)得最多(duo)的(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)即雙軸就是根據這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)要求而(er)設計的(de)(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)跟蹤(zong)(zong)又可以分(fen)為(wei)兩(liang)種方式(shi)(shi)：極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全跟蹤(zong)(zong)和(he)高度角(jiao)(jiao)—方位角(jiao)(jiao)式(shi)(shi)全跟蹤(zong)(zong)。極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)(shi)全跟蹤(zong)(zong)原(yuan)理：聚光(guang)鏡(jing)的(de)(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)指向天球(qiu)北極(ji)(ji)，即與地(di)球(qiu)自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)相平行，故稱為(wei)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)。另一軸(zhou)(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)垂(chui)直，稱為(wei)赤(chi)緯軸(zhou)(zhou)。工(gong)作時反(fan)射鏡(jing)面只須繞極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)用與地(di)球(qiu)自轉(zhuan)(zhuan)角(jiao)(jiao)速度大小相同方向相反(fan)的(de)(de)固定(ding)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，以跟蹤(zong)(zong)太陽的(de)(de)視(shi)日運(yun)動(dong)。此外再按(an)照季節的(de)(de)變化(hua)間斷地(di)將反(fan)射鏡(jing)圍繞赤(chi)緯軸(zhou)(zhou)作俯仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)以適(shi)應赤(chi)緯角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)變化(hua)。這種跟蹤(zong)(zong)方式(shi)(shi)并不(bu)復雜，只是反(fan)射鏡(jing)的(de)(de)重量并不(bu)通過(guo)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)支承裝置的(de)(de)設計(ji)比(bi)較困難(nan)。