一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)自動跟(gen)蹤(zong)裝置是用(yong)來跟(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)的(de)主(zhu)光(guang)(guang)軸始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)與太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)線相平(ping)(ping)(ping)行(xing)的(de)裝置。較常用(yong)的(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)平(ping)(ping)(ping)板(ban)式集熱器(qi)(qi)和真空(kong)管式集熱器(qi)(qi)均(jun)采用(yong)固定安(an)裝方式。這兩種集熱器(qi)(qi)的(de)共同缺點是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量密度低(di)，因而集熱溫度較低(di)，一(yi)般(ban)只能(neng)(neng)提供40~70℃的(de)熱水，不(bu)容易(yi)得到(dao)(dao)高溫。要提高能(neng)(neng)量密度則必須使集能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)面始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)和太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)入射(she)光(guang)(guang)垂直，同時(shi)還應對太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)實行(xing)聚(ju)焦。為了達到(dao)(dao)此(ci)目(mu)的(de)，在使用(yong)中需要在方位角和高度角兩個(ge)方位上不(bu)斷(duan)跟(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，使集能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)從日(ri)出到(dao)(dao)日(ri)落始(shi)(shi)終(zhong)對準太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，以提高太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)利用(yong)率。

該圖片由注冊用戶"淺嘗不止—"提供，版權聲明反饋

二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤(zong)太(tai)陽的方法(fa)有很多(duo)，但不外(wai)乎采用這(zhe)兩(liang)種方式(shi)：光電(dian)跟蹤(zong)和(he)根據視日運動軌跡跟蹤(zong)。后(hou)一種跟蹤(zong)方式(shi)又(you)可以分(fen)為(wei)雙軸跟蹤(zong)和(he)單軸跟蹤(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國內常用(yong)的光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)有(you)：重力式光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)式光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)。這些光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)都(dou)使用(yong)光(guang)敏(min)(min)傳感(gan)器，如硅(gui)(gui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)，光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)靠近遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板，調(diao)整遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板的位置(zhi)(zhi)使遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板對(dui)(dui)準太陽，硅(gui)(gui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于陰影區。當太陽西移時，遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)板的陰影隨之移動(dong)，光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)受到(dao)陽光(guang)直射，輸(shu)出(chu)一定值的微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，發出(chu)偏差信號，經(jing)放(fang)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)放(fang)大(da)，控制跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)準太陽，完(wan)成(cheng)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong).光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)的優點是靈敏(min)(min)度高(gao)，結構(gou)設計較為方(fang)便(bian)。其缺(que)點是受到(dao)天氣的影響很大(da)。如果在稍長時間段里出(chu)現烏(wu)云遮(zhe)(zhe)住太陽的情況(kuang)，太陽光(guang)線往(wang)往(wang)不能(neng)照(zhao)到(dao)硅(gui)(gui)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)上，導致跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)無法對(dui)(dui)準太陽，甚至會引(yin)起執(zhi)行機構(gou)的誤動(dong)作。下面簡要(yao)介紹一下太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)經(jing)常用(yong)到(dao)的兩種方(fang)法。

（1）太陽(yang)能電池板光強比(bi)較法

把兩(liang)塊完全(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)按照(zhao)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)(du)連接(jie)成“人”字(zi)型，它們既用作(zuo)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)轉化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也起(qi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏器件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直照(zhao)射地(di)面時(shi)，兩(liang)塊電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)完全(quan)相(xiang)等，產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)流(liu)大小相(xiang)等，此時(shi)控制它們方(fang)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)不工作(zuo)。入射太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)與(yu)地(di)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)改變時(shi)，如果甲電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得(de)到太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)大于乙(yi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能流(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)(du)(du)，則甲電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)流(liu)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)就大于乙(yi)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)流(liu)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)，利用這一信號驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)轉動(dong)，使(shi)得(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)同(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直于地(di)面時(shi)完全(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)。其(qi)優(you)點(dian)為調節較(jiao)為精確，電(dian)路(lu)也比較(jiao)簡(jian)單，但兩(liang)個電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾角(jiao)始終存在，永(yong)遠無法(fa)達到真(zhen)正意義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直。

（2）光(guang)敏電阻光(guang)強比較法

利(li)用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)在光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)阻(zu)(zu)值發生變(bian)化的(de)原理，將兩個完全(quan)相同的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)分(fen)別放置于一塊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板東西(xi)方(fang)向(xiang)邊沿處的(de)下(xia)方(fang)（光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂(chui)(chui)直時(shi)一半(ban)(ban)可接收光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，一半(ban)(ban)在下(xia)邊）。如(ru)果太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)垂(chui)(chui)直照(zhao)射太陽能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板時(shi)，兩個光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)接收到的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)相同，所以它們的(de)阻(zu)(zu)值完全(quan)相等(deng)，此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)不轉動(dong)(dong)。當太陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)方(fang)向(xiang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂(chui)(chui)直方(fang)向(xiang)有夾角(jiao)時(shi)，接收光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強多的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)值減小(xiao)，驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)轉動(dong)(dong)，直至兩個光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)上的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度(du)相同。其優點在于控制較精確(que)，且(qie)電(dian)(dian)路也(ye)比較容易實現(xian)。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)一般采用(yong)(yong)以(yi)下三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式：傾斜(xie)布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)東西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)水平布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)，東西(xi)(xi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)；焦(jiao)線(xian)東西(xi)(xi)水平布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)，南(nan)(nan)北(bei)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式基(ji)本(ben)上都是(shi)單軸轉動的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向或東西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)，工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)原理基(ji)本(ben)相似跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)系統(tong)的(de)(de)轉軸（或焦(jiao)線(xian)）系東西(xi)(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)向布(bu)(bu)置(zhi)。然后(hou)根據太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)赤(chi)緯角的(de)(de)變化使柱形(xing)拋物(wu)(wu)面(mian)反射鏡繞轉軸作(zuo)(zuo)俯仰轉動，以(yi)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。采用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式時(shi)(shi)，一天之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)只有正午時(shi)(shi)刻太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)與(yu)柱形(xing)拋物(wu)(wu)面(mian)的(de)(de)母線(xian)相垂直(zhi)，此時(shi)(shi)熱流最大。而(er)在早上或下午太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)都是(shi)斜(xie)射，所以(yi)一天之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)熱流的(de)(de)變化比較大。采用(yong)(yong)單軸跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式的(de)(de)特點是(shi)結構簡單，但是(shi)由(you)于入射光(guang)(guang)線(xian)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)始終與(yu)主光(guang)(guang)軸平行，從收(shou)集太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)來說并(bing)不(bu)理想。如果能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)在太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)高(gao)度和(he)赤(chi)緯角的(de)(de)變化上都能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)就(jiu)可以(yi)獲得最多的(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)，全跟(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)即雙軸就(jiu)是(shi)根據這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)要求而(er)設計的(de)(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟蹤(zong)又(you)可以分為(wei)(wei)兩種方(fang)式：極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式全跟蹤(zong)和高度角(jiao)—方(fang)位角(jiao)式全跟蹤(zong)。極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式全跟蹤(zong)原理：聚(ju)光鏡的(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指(zhi)向天(tian)球北極(ji)(ji)，即(ji)與(yu)地球自轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)平行，故稱為(wei)(wei)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱為(wei)(wei)赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作(zuo)時(shi)反射鏡面只(zhi)須繞極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用(yong)與(yu)地球自轉(zhuan)角(jiao)速度大小相(xiang)同方(fang)向相(xiang)反的(de)固定(ding)轉(zhuan)速，以跟蹤(zong)太(tai)陽的(de)視日(ri)運動(dong)。此外再按照季(ji)節的(de)變(bian)化間斷地將反射鏡圍繞赤緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)俯仰轉(zhuan)動(dong)以適應(ying)赤緯角(jiao)的(de)變(bian)化。這種跟蹤(zong)方(fang)式并(bing)不(bu)復雜，只(zhi)是反射鏡的(de)重量(liang)并(bing)不(bu)通過極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線，使極(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支承(cheng)裝置的(de)設計比較困難。