一、太陽能自動跟蹤器是什么

太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)自動跟(gen)蹤裝置是用來跟(gen)蹤太(tai)陽(yang)，使集能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主光(guang)軸始(shi)終(zhong)與太(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)線相平行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)裝置。較常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)平板式集熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)和(he)真(zhen)空(kong)管式集熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)均采(cai)用固定安裝方式。這兩種(zhong)集熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)同缺點是太(tai)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)密度低(di)，因(yin)而集熱(re)(re)(re)溫(wen)度較低(di)，一般只能(neng)(neng)提(ti)供40~70℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)水，不(bu)容(rong)易得(de)到(dao)高(gao)溫(wen)。要提(ti)高(gao)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)密度則必須(xu)使集能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)平面(mian)始(shi)終(zhong)和(he)太(tai)陽(yang)入射光(guang)垂直，同時還應對太(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)實行(xing)聚焦。為了達到(dao)此目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)使用中需要在(zai)方位(wei)角和(he)高(gao)度角兩個方位(wei)上不(bu)斷跟(gen)蹤太(tai)陽(yang)，使集能(neng)(neng)器(qi)(qi)從日出(chu)到(dao)日落始(shi)終(zhong)對準太(tai)陽(yang)，以提(ti)高(gao)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利用率。

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二、太陽能自動跟蹤器的常用方法有哪些

跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)太陽的(de)方法有很(hen)多，但不外乎采用(yong)這兩種方式：光(guang)電跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)和(he)根(gen)據(ju)視日運動軌(gui)跡跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)。后一種跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)方式又可以分為(wei)雙(shuang)軸跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)和(he)單軸跟蹤(zong)(zong)(zong)。

1、光電跟蹤

國(guo)內(nei)常(chang)用的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)有：重力式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。這些(xie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)都使(shi)用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)傳感器，如(ru)硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管靠近遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板，調(diao)整遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板對準(zhun)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池處于陰影(ying)區。當太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)西移(yi)時，遮(zhe)(zhe)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)板的(de)(de)陰影(ying)隨之移(yi)動，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管受到(dao)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)直射，輸出(chu)一定值的(de)(de)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，發出(chu)偏差信號，經放(fang)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路放(fang)大，控制跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)對準(zhun)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，完(wan)成跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong).光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)的(de)(de)優(you)點是(shi)靈敏(min)度高，結(jie)構設計較為(wei)方便。其缺點是(shi)受到(dao)天氣(qi)的(de)(de)影(ying)響很大。如(ru)果在稍長(chang)時間段里出(chu)現烏云(yun)遮(zhe)(zhe)住太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線往(wang)往(wang)不(bu)能照到(dao)硅光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管上(shang)，導(dao)致跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)無法(fa)對準(zhun)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)，甚至會引起執行機構的(de)(de)誤動作。下(xia)面簡要介(jie)紹一下(xia)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跟(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)經常(chang)用到(dao)的(de)(de)兩種方法(fa)。

（1）太陽能(neng)電池板光強(qiang)比較法

把兩塊(kuai)完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)按照一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度連接成“人(ren)”字(zi)型，它們既(ji)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，也起光(guang)敏器件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。太(tai)陽光(guang)垂直(zhi)照射地(di)面(mian)時(shi)，兩塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)流(liu)(liu)密度完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)等，產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)小(xiao)相(xiang)等，此時(shi)控制它們方位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)不工作(zuo)。入射太(tai)陽光(guang)與(yu)地(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)角改變時(shi)，如果甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)得到太(tai)陽光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)流(liu)(liu)密度大(da)于(yu)(yu)乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)流(liu)(liu)密度，則甲電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度就大(da)于(yu)(yu)乙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)強度，利(li)用(yong)(yong)這一信號驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)轉動，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)太(tai)陽光(guang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)角同(tong)光(guang)垂直(zhi)于(yu)(yu)地(di)面(mian)時(shi)完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)相(xiang)同(tong)。其優點(dian)為調節(jie)較(jiao)為精確(que)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路也比較(jiao)簡單，但兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)夾(jia)角始終存在，永遠無法達到真正(zheng)意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)。

（2）光(guang)敏電阻光(guang)強比(bi)較法(fa)

利用光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在光(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)阻(zu)值發生(sheng)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)原理，將兩(liang)(liang)個完全相同(tong)(tong)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)分別放(fang)置于(yu)一(yi)塊電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板東(dong)西方向邊沿處的(de)下方（光(guang)(guang)(guang)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂直(zhi)時(shi)一(yi)半可(ke)接收(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)，一(yi)半在下邊）。如果太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)垂直(zhi)照(zhao)射太陽(yang)(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板時(shi)，兩(liang)(liang)個光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)接收(shou)到的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度相同(tong)(tong)，所以它們(men)的(de)阻(zu)值完全相等，此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)動機不轉動。當太陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)方向與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)板垂直(zhi)方向有夾角時(shi)，接收(shou)光(guang)(guang)(guang)強多的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)阻(zu)值減小，驅動電(dian)(dian)動機轉動，直(zhi)至兩(liang)(liang)個光(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上(shang)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)強度相同(tong)(tong)。其優(you)點(dian)在于(yu)控制較精(jing)確，且電(dian)(dian)路也比(bi)較容(rong)易實現。

2、視日運動軌跡跟蹤

（1）單軸跟蹤

單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)一般采(cai)用以(yi)(yi)下三種跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)式(shi)：傾斜布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦線(xian)南北水平布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)；焦線(xian)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)水平布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，南北跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)。這三種方(fang)式(shi)基本上都(dou)是單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)南北方(fang)向或(huo)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)方(fang)向跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)，工作(zuo)原理基本相似(si)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)系統的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)（或(huo)焦線(xian)）系東(dong)(dong)西(xi)方(fang)向布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然后根據太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)赤緯角的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化使柱形拋物面反(fan)射(she)鏡繞轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)俯仰轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動，以(yi)(yi)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)。采(cai)用這種跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)式(shi)時(shi)(shi)，一天(tian)之(zhi)中只有正午時(shi)(shi)刻太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)與柱形拋物面的(de)(de)(de)母線(xian)相垂直，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)熱流最(zui)大(da)。而(er)在早上或(huo)下午太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)都(dou)是斜射(she)，所以(yi)(yi)一天(tian)之(zhi)中熱流的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化比較(jiao)大(da)。采(cai)用單(dan)軸(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)特點是結(jie)構(gou)簡單(dan)，但是由(you)于入射(she)光(guang)(guang)線(xian)不能(neng)(neng)始終與主光(guang)(guang)軸(zhou)(zhou)平行，從(cong)收集太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)來說并不理想。如果(guo)能(neng)(neng)夠在太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)高度(du)和赤緯角的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化上都(dou)能(neng)(neng)夠跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)獲(huo)得最(zui)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)，全跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)即雙(shuang)軸(zhou)(zhou)就(jiu)是根據這樣的(de)(de)(de)要求而(er)設計的(de)(de)(de)。

（2）雙軸跟蹤

雙軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)又可以分為(wei)兩種方式：極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式全(quan)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)和高(gao)度角—方位角式全(quan)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)。極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式全(quan)跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)原理：聚光鏡的(de)一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)指向(xiang)天球北極(ji)(ji)(ji)，即與地球自(zi)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)相(xiang)平行，故稱(cheng)為(wei)極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。另一軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)垂直，稱(cheng)為(wei)赤(chi)緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)。工作(zuo)時反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡面只須繞(rao)(rao)極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)用與地球自(zi)轉(zhuan)角速(su)度大小相(xiang)同方向(xiang)相(xiang)反(fan)的(de)固定轉(zhuan)速(su)，以跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)太陽的(de)視日(ri)運動。此外再按照季節的(de)變(bian)(bian)化間斷地將反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡圍繞(rao)(rao)赤(chi)緯軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)作(zuo)俯仰轉(zhuan)動以適(shi)應赤(chi)緯角的(de)變(bian)(bian)化。這種跟(gen)(gen)蹤(zong)(zong)方式并(bing)不復雜，只是反(fan)射(she)(she)鏡的(de)重(zhong)量并(bing)不通過(guo)極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)，使極(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)支承裝置(zhi)的(de)設(she)計比(bi)較(jiao)困難。