一、食品機械的發展歷程分為哪幾個階段

我國食品(pin)工業及食品(pin)機械的發展歷程大致可分為三個階段。

1、第一階段

20世紀(ji)50年(nian)代(dai)以(yi)前，食(shi)(shi)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)主(zhu)要以(yi)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)操作為(wei)主(zhu)，基(ji)本屬于傳(chuan)統作坊生產(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)式。僅在沿海一些(xie)大(da)城(cheng)市有(you)少量工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生產(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)，所用的(de)(de)(de)設備幾乎(hu)全(quan)是國(guo)外設備。而(er)糧食(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)情況略好(hao)于食(shi)(shi)品(pin)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)。此階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)糧食(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)主(zhu)要是以(yi)面粉的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生產(chan)(chan)(chan)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)主(zhu)。但同樣(yang)(yang)，面粉廠(chang)所用的(de)(de)(de)設備也(ye)幾乎(hu)全(quan)是國(guo)外設備。可以(yi)說50年(nian)代(dai)以(yi)前全(quan)國(guo)幾乎(hu)沒有(you)一家像樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)專門(men)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)機械的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)。

2、第二階段

50-70年代，食品加工業及食品機械工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)得(de)到(dao)很大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，全國(guo)各地(di)新(xin)建(jian)一(yi)第二階(jie)段(duan)大(da)(da)(da)批食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)，尤其是面粉、大(da)(da)(da)米(mi)、食(shi)(shi)(shi)用油的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)。在(zai)多數主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)中(zhong)(zhong)基本上(shang)實(shi)現了(le)初步的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)(xie)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式。但同(tong)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)尚處于半機械(xie)(xie)半手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式，機械(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)僅用于一(yi)些關鍵主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序中(zhong)(zhong)，而其他生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序仍沿用傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作方(fang)式。與此(ci)階(jie)段(duan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)相(xiang)適應，食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)也(ye)得(de)到(dao)了(le)快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，全國(guo)各地(di)新(xin)建(jian)了(le)一(yi)大(da)(da)(da)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，使得(de)國(guo)產(chan)批專門(men)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)和食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造廠(chang)。國(guo)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)經過近30年的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，是的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)產(chan)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)基本能滿足我(wo)國(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，為此(ci)階(jie)段(duan)實(shi)現食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)做出(chu)了(le)重大(da)(da)(da)貢獻，食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)已初步形成了(le)一(yi)個獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)。

3、第三階段

80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)改(gai)革年(nian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)后，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)得(de)到迅猛(meng)發展。這得(de)益于進(jin)入(ru)第三階段(duan)，開放政策，隨著(zhu)外資的(de)(de)引(yin)入(ru)，出現(xian)了(le)(le)很多外商獨資、合(he)資等(deng)形(xing)式的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)(ye)。這些企業(ye)(ye)在將(jiang)先進(jin)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)技(ji)術引(yin)進(jin)國(guo)(guo)內的(de)(de)同時，也將(jiang)大量(liang)先進(jin)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)引(yin)入(ru)國(guo)(guo)內。受此(ci)(ci)影響，再加上社(she)會對食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)、品(pin)種、數量(liang)要求(qiu)的(de)(de)提高，極大地推進(jin)了(le)(le)我國(guo)(guo)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)及食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)制造(zao)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發展進(jin)程(cheng)及速(su)度。此(ci)(ci)階段(duan)，通過(guo)消(xiao)化吸(xi)收國(guo)(guo)外先進(jin)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)技(ji)術，使我國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發展水平得(de)到很大提高。80年(nian)代(dai)(dai)中期，我國(guo)(guo)糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)實施了(le)(le)第一輪(lun)大規模的(de)(de)技(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。經過(guo)這一輪(lun)的(de)(de)技(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)全(quan)面(mian)實現(xian)了(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)化和(he)自動化。進(jin)入(ru)90年(nian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)(yi)后，又進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)新一輪(lun)的(de)(de)技(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。在這一輪(lun)的(de)(de)技(ji)改(gai)中，許多糧食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)和(he)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)對設(she)備(bei)(bei)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)更新換代(dai)(dai)，或直接引(yin)進(jin)全(quan)套的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)外先進(jin)的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)，或采用國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家消(xiao)化吸(xi)收生(sheng)產出的(de)(de)新型機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備(bei)(bei)。可以(yi)(yi)說這兩輪(lun)的(de)(de)技(ji)改(gai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)對食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發展起(qi)了(le)(le)極大的(de)(de)推進(jin)作(zuo)用，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)已(yi)完全(quan)形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)(le)一個獨立的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)。

二、食品機械行業未來發展趨勢是什么

1、食品機械產品更加多樣化、系列化、成套化

隨著人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日益提高(gao)，食(shi)品(pin)工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進一步發展，對食(shi)品(pin)機械也提出(chu)了更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。除(chu)傳統食(shi)品(pin)工(gong)業外，方便(bian)食(shi)品(pin)（如方便(bian)飯、方便(bian)面、方便(bian)水餃等）、功(gong)能食(shi)品(pin)（如嬰幼兒食(shi)品(pin)、老年人食(shi)品(pin)、野外軍用食(shi)品(pin)、適合糖(tang)尿病(bing)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品(pin)等）、保健食(shi)品(pin)等等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓬勃發展，必將使食(shi)品(pin)機械的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種更加豐富，同時食(shi)品(pin)機械設備系列(lie)化(hua)、標準化(hua)程度更高(gao)，成(cheng)套性更強(qiang)，較少單(dan)機操作，如從果(guo)皮中回收果(guo)膠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)果(guo)膠加工(gong)成(cheng)套設備、蔬菜深(shen)加工(gong)技術、果(guo)汁香味回收設備將在國內廣泛(fan)采用。

2、生產自動化、管理智能化

在(zai)食品(pin)機械企業的(de)(de)生產(chan)上，將廣泛采(cai)用全自動(dong)的(de)(de)制造系統，生產(chan)過程程序化，對生產(chan)過程的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)進行(xing)在(zai)線檢測，大大降低廢品(pin)率。實(shi)行(xing)自上而下(xia)的(de)(de)調度(du)、數據(ju)的(de)(de)采(cai)集、處(chu)理、輸出等計算(suan)機管理，提高產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量，保(bao)證產(chan)品(pin)性能(neng)的(de)(de)穩定。

3、高新技術廣泛應用

未來的(de)食(shi)品(pin)機械是集光、電、聲(sheng)、磁(ci)、化、生(sheng)(sheng)等于一體(ti)(ti)的(de)高(gao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、高(gao)智能產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，其技(ji)術(shu)(shu)優勢主要體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在產(chan)(chan)品(pin)高(gao)度(du)自(zi)動化、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)高(gao)效率、食(shi)品(pin)資源(yuan)高(gao)利用化、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)高(gao)度(du)節能化和高(gao)新技(ji)術(shu)(shu)實用化。如(ru):超濾或(huo)反滲透的(de)膜分(fen)離(li)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、超臨界萃取技(ji)術(shu)(shu)（用于天然食(shi)品(pin)色素、香料、香精(jing)等的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)）、超微粉碎技(ji)術(shu)(shu)、食(shi)品(pin)冷(leng)殺菌(jun)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)（如(ru)短時脈沖高(gao)電壓殺菌(jun)、電磁(ci)場殺菌(jun)）、微膠(jiao)囊(nang)化技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。

4、生物技術與食品機械的結合應用

生物技術(shu)與(yu)食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械相(xiang)結合(he)，拓寬了食品(pin)(pin)機(ji)械的應(ying)用(yong)范(fan)圍。如(ru)(ru)用(yong)含有(you)纖維(wei)素酶(mei)和(he)半纖維(wei)素酶(mei)的粗果膠酶(mei)制(zhi)劑(ji)作用(yong)于(yu)果實皮層(ceng)，使(shi)之(zhi)皮層(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao)分(fen)(fen)離，結構(gou)破壞而脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)落，這種酶(mei)工程技術(shu)與(yu)傳統(tong)的機(ji)械脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)皮機(ji)相(xiang)比，裝備不(bu)但簡單，而且脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)皮效果好。又如(ru)(ru)：一種生物傳感器由固定(ding)化并具有(you)化學分(fen)(fen)子識別功能的生物材(cai)料（酶(mei)、細(xi)胞(bao)、抗體等(deng)(deng)）、換能器件及信號放大裝置構(gou)成(cheng)的分(fen)(fen)析工具或系統(tong)，將取代傳統(tong)的復雜的檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)儀器(設(she)備)，可快速檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)食品(pin)(pin)鮮(xian)度、滋味、熟度，同時(shi)可用(yong)于(yu)食品(pin)(pin)分(fen)(fen)析（如(ru)(ru)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)蛋白質(zhi)、氨基酸(suan)、糖含量等(deng)(deng)），用(yong)于(yu)食品(pin)(pin)衛生檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)（如(ru)(ru)測(ce)(ce)定(ding)細(xi)菌、病原菌、毒素、殘留農藥(yao)、食品(pin)(pin)添加劑(ji)）。