新(xin)疆巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)(mu)是當地的(de)特產干果,巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)(mu)屬桃(tao)類植物,古(gu)時稱偏桃(tao)、偏核桃(tao)、婆淡(dan)樹(shu)。新(xin)疆巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)(mu)是從古(gu)波斯(si)(si)(現今伊朗)傳入,在《酉陽雜阻》、《嶺表錄(lu)異》有記載,“偏桃(tao)出波斯(si)(si)國,波斯(si)(si)呼為(wei)婆淡(dan)樹(shu)。長(chang)五六文,周(zhou)四五尺,葉似桃(tao)而闊大,三月開花(hua),白色。花(hua)落結實,狀(zhuang)如(ru)桃(tao)子,而形偏,故為(wei)之(zhi)偏桃(tao)。其肉澀不可唆,核中(zhong)仁甘甜,西域諸國并(bing)珍之(zhi)。”可見(jian),巴(ba)丹(dan)木(mu)(mu)從古(gu)時就被(bei)人們(men)做(zuo)為(wei)一種珍果來食用。
新疆巴旦(dan)木(mu)的產地(di)(di)主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布在喀什(shen)地(di)(di)區(qu)、和(he)田地(di)(di)區(qu)、烏(wu)魯木(mu)齊等地(di)(di),其中喀什(shen)地(di)(di)區(qu)的莎車巴旦(dan)姆尤(you)其有名。巴旦(dan)木(mu)是(shi)新疆喀什(shen)名貴特產,是(shi)維吾(wu)爾族人民最珍愛的干(gan)果,更是(shi)待(dai)客贈友的極佳(jia)物品(pin)。
新疆巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)多,約有(you)(you)(you)四(si)十多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“五大家族(zu)”之分(fen),有(you)(you)(you)軟(ruan)殼甜(tian)巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)品(pin)系(xi)、甜(tian)巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)品(pin)系(xi)、厚(hou)殼甜(tian)巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)品(pin)系(xi)、苦巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)品(pin)系(xi)、桃巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)品(pin)系(xi)。其中最佳品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)紙(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、軟(ruan)殼巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、薄(bo)殼巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)、雙(shuang)仁巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)等。在(zai)眾多品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中,有(you)(you)(you)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)薄(bo)皮(pi)(pi)巴(ba)(ba)丹木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)最受人(ren)們喜愛和歡迎,維吾(wu)爾人(ren)稱其為“卡卡孜巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)”,食用(yong)前(qian)您(nin)只需用(yong)手輕輕一擠(ji),飽滿厚(hou)實香(xiang)甜(tian)的巴(ba)(ba)丹仁就嶄露出皮(pi)(pi),由于皮(pi)(pi)薄(bo),好剝(bo),所以也稱它為“紙(zhi)皮(pi)(pi)巴(ba)(ba)旦(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)”。
巴旦木是食(shi)用價值很(hen)高的特產,富含脂肪,蛋白(bai)質,淀粉、糖(tang)以及(ji)少量(liang)維生素和人(ren)體不(bu)可(ke)缺少的18種微量(liang)元素,比同重量(liang)的牛(niu)肉(rou)高六倍。聰(cong)慧的新疆維吾(wu)爾(er)人(ren)民(min)把巴旦仁做為每日的健身滋補品(pin),在每天睡(shui)覺(jue)前細嚼(jiao)十余粒,用開(kai)水沖(chong)下,如此(ci)長期食(shi)用,能使人(ren)通宵(xiao)熟睡(shui)無夢,增強身體抵抗力,保持身強體壯(zhuang)。
巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)在醫藥(yao)上用(yong)途很廣(guang),民間維(wei)吾爾醫用(yong)它治療(liao)高血壓、神(shen)經衰弱、皮(pi)膚過敏、氣管炎、小(xiao)兒(er)佝僂等疾病(bing)。在國外一些(xie)國家,有專用(yong)巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)釀制(zhi)的(de)(de)巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)乳、巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)酒補(bu)品及苦(ku)仁制(zhi)的(de)(de)鎮(zhen)靜止痛藥(yao)劑。近年,美國的(de)(de)一些(xie)醫院,以巴(ba)旦(dan)木(mu)制(zhi)成苦(ku)巴(ba)旦(dan)球蛋白氫氯化(hua)物新藥(yao),專治流行性(xing)病(bing)毒感冒。在美國芝加哥(ge)洛約大學生物系任(ren)主任(ren)的(de)(de)哈羅(luo)德·曼納(na)在研(yan)究(jiu)巴(ba)丹木(mu)成果報告中提出(chu),苦(ku)巴(ba)丹木(mu)仁可(ke)治療(liao)癌癥。
新疆巴旦木的成(cheng)熟(shu)上(shang)市時間通常在(zai)(zai)每(mei)年的秋季,大(da)約在(zai)(zai)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)果實成(cheng)熟(shu),8月(yue)(yue)(yue)和9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)是主要的采(cai)摘上(shang)市時間。具體而(er)言,巴旦木從三月(yue)(yue)(yue)下(xia)旬到四月(yue)(yue)(yue)中旬開花,經過一個生長周期后(hou),在(zai)(zai)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)外皮(pi)會(hui)開裂(lie),標志著(zhu)果實開始(shi)成(cheng)熟(shu),到了8月(yue)(yue)(yue),果實裂(lie)口增大(da),露出巴旦木殼體,這時候就可以開始(shi)采(cai)摘了。