前胡(hu)是傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)科,前胡(hu)屬多(duo)(duo)年(nian)生(sheng)草本植物(wu),高可達1米。根(gen)頸粗壯(zhuang),徑灰褐色,根(gen)圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing),莖(jing)圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing),基生(sheng)葉具長柄,葉片(pian)輪廓寬卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)三(san)角(jiao)狀卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),三(san)出式二(er)至三(san)回分裂,先端漸尖,基部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)至截形(xing)(xing)(xing),邊緣圓(yuan)鋸齒,兩面無毛,葉鞘(qiao)稍寬,邊緣膜質,復傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序(xu)多(duo)(duo)數,頂生(sheng)或(huo)側生(sheng),傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序(xu),總苞(bao)片(pian)線形(xing)(xing)(xing);傘(san)輻不等(deng)長,小傘(san)形(xing)(xing)(xing)花(hua)序(xu)有花(hua);花(hua)瓣卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),白色;花(hua)柱短,彎曲,圓(yuan)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)。果實卵(luan)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing),棕色,8-9月(yue)開(kai)花(hua),10-11月(yue)結果。
淳(chun)安(an)白花(hua)前胡(Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn)農(nong)產品(pin)地理標(biao)志地理坐標(biao)為(wei):地理坐標(biao)為(wei)東經118°20′—119°20′、北緯(wei)29°11′—30°02′之間。生產地域(yu)(yu)范圍(wei)為(wei):浙(zhe)江省(sheng)淳(chun)安(an)縣(xian)所屬的千島湖鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、文(wen)昌鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、石(shi)林鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、富(fu)文(wen)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、左(zuo)口(kou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、里商鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、金峰鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、臨岐鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、屏門鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、瑤山鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、威坪(ping)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、鳩坑鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、王阜鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、宋(song)村鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、姜(jiang)家(jia)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、梓桐鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、浪川鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、界首鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、汾口(kou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、中(zhong)洲(zhou)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、大墅鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、楓樹嶺鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)、安(an)陽鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)23個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)425個行政村。現(xian)有種植面(mian)積(ji)800公頃,年產量1500余噸。除了我縣(xian)水域(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)和城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中(zhong)心面(mian)積(ji),合(he)計保(bao)護區域(yu)(yu)27000公頃。
地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌:淳安縣地(di)(di)處天目(mu)山(shan)余(yu)脈,屬(shu)浙(zhe)西丘陵山(shan)區,由中(zhong)低山(shan)、丘陵、小型(xing)盆(pen)地(di)(di)、谷地(di)(di)和千島(dao)湖組成,俗稱(cheng)“八山(shan)半(ban)(ban)田分半(ban)(ban)水”,森林覆蓋率(lv)達87.5%。地(di)(di)勢西北(bei)高、東南低,西北(bei)部海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)多在(zai)600~1000m,東部海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)多在(zai)600m左右。北(bei)部主(zhu)峰千畝田,海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)高1436m,南部磨(mo)心尖(jian),海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)(ba)(ba)1523m。
氣候(hou)特(te)征:縣(xian)境(jing)位于中亞熱帶季風氣候(hou)區北緣,氣候(hou)溫和濕潤,雨量(liang)充(chong)沛,四季分明,光照充(chong)足。年平(ping)均氣溫17℃,年平(ping)均降水量(liang)1430mm,無霜期263天。受千島(dao)湖(hu)影響,形成庫區小氣候(hou),與(yu)同(tong)緯度的其他地區比(bi),顯得冬暖夏涼。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)情況:全縣(xian)石灰(hui)巖土(tu)面(mian)積(ji)近80萬畝,廣泛分布于全縣(xian)各地,約占全縣(xian)山(shan)地面(mian)積(ji)的1/7,占全省灰(hui)巖土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總面(mian)積(ji)的29.4%,pH值(zhi)多為6.8-7.4,礫石含量(liang)較(jiao)高,有機質含量(liang)2.5%以上,土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)肥力(li)較(jiao)好,尤其是山(shan)麓山(shan)岙土(tu)層較(jiao)深(shen)厚,適宜(yi)白花前胡等作(zuo)物的生長。
水(shui)文(wen)情況:淳(chun)安縣境(jing)內各河(he)流統(tong)屬錢塘江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)系,有新安江(jiang)(jiang)、武強(qiang)溪、富強(qiang)溪、進賢溪、楓(feng)林港和云源港等20余條,均匯集(ji)于(yu)千島湖。保護區內地表水(shui)達國(guo)家Ⅰ類水(shui)質標準。
白(bai)花(hua)前胡外觀與氣滋味:與呈不(bu)規則的圓(yuan)柱形(xing)、圓(yuan)錐形(xing)或紡(fang)錘形(xing),稍扭曲(qu),頭(tou)大,粗壯(zhuang),頭(tou)部(bu)有細密(mi)橫紋,長3-15cm,直徑(jing)1-2cm,下(xia)部(bu)常(chang)有分(fen)枝;表面黑褐色(se)或灰(hui)黃色(se),有突起皮孔,質較柔軟,斷面不(bu)整齊,皮部(bu)白(bai)色(se),散有多數棕黃色(se)油點,髓部(bu)奶黃色(se);氣芳香,味微苦、辛。理化指標:白(bai)花(hua)前胡甲素≥1.0%,白(bai)花(hua)前胡乙素≥0.24%,含水量≤12.0%。質量安全(quan)規定:淳(chun)安白(bai)花(hua)前胡質量安全(quan)符合國家(jia)有關(guan)質量安全(quan)規定。
白花前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)坡(po)(po)度(du)(du)20度(du)(du)~30度(du)(du)、海(hai)(hai)拔100米-1000米,且土(tu)(tu)質疏松、有(you)(you)機質含量(liang)(liang)高(gao)的向(xiang)陽(yang)砂壤土(tu)(tu)坡(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan),土(tu)(tu)壤pH應為(wei)6.5-8.0,也(ye)可(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)疏林下套(tao)種(zhong)。品(pin)種(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze):須選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)白花前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu),于霜(shuang)降后采(cai)(cai)集健壯(zhuang)、無(wu)病(bing)的野生(sheng)(sheng)或種(zhong)植(zhi)成(cheng)熟果序,曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)擦(ca)打,使種(zhong)子脫出,去(qu)除(chu)雜質。關(guan)鍵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu):按(an)照DB330127/T045—2008《無(wu)公(gong)害前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規程》操作(zuo),為(wei)保(bao)(bao)證其品(pin)質特(te)色和(he)前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)質量(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan),基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze):按(an)產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)要(yao)求(qiu)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)海(hai)(hai)拔100米-1000米、土(tu)(tu)質疏松、有(you)(you)機質含量(liang)(liang)高(gao)、排水良好(hao)向(xiang)陽(yang)坡(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di)(di),以(yi)石灰(hui)巖(yan)土(tu)(tu)壤為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi),也(ye)可(ke)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)疏林下套(tao)種(zhong)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)種(zhong)植(zhi):種(zhong)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)間以(yi)每(mei)年11月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)~翌(yi)年1月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)冬播(bo)(bo)為(wei)宜(yi)(yi)(yi),也(ye)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun)~3月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)春(chun)(chun)播(bo)(bo)。連(lian)片種(zhong)植(zhi)一般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)條播(bo)(bo)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong),每(mei)667m2用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)1.5kg~2kg。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)整(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)畦,施(shi)入(ru)基(ji)肥(fei),在(zai)(zai)整(zheng)好(hao)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的畦面上(shang)(shang)按(an)規格以(yi)30cm~40cm的行(xing)距開播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)溝,溝深(shen)2cm~3cm,溝底平坦,土(tu)(tu)細(xi)碎(sui),然后種(zhong)子均勻撒在(zai)(zai)溝內,覆蓋(gai)3cm細(xi)土(tu)(tu),稍壓實,澆(jiao)水保(bao)(bao)濕。可(ke)于疏林及(ji)(ji)其它中(zhong)藥材地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶套(tao)種(zhong),一般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)撒播(bo)(bo),將(jiang)前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)種(zhong)子均勻撒播(bo)(bo)在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong),然后用(yong)(yong)竹枝或掃帚(zhou)輕輕拂動(dong),每(mei)667m2用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)為(wei)平地(di)(di)(di)(di)種(zhong)植(zhi)的1/2-1/3。生(sheng)(sheng)長管理(li)(li):苗(miao)期應保(bao)(bao)持土(tu)(tu)壤濕潤(run),遇(yu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)旱(han)時(shi)(shi)應澆(jiao)水,澆(jiao)水時(shi)(shi)宜(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)噴(pen)淋方式(shi)。幼苗(miao)長至3cm~5cm高(gao)時(shi)(shi),進行(xing)中(zhong)耕除(chu)草,并拔除(chu)過密和(he)過細(xi)苗(miao),按(an)株距4cm左(zuo)右定苗(miao)(密度(du)(du)約45000~50000株/667m2);6月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)旬(xun)~7月(yue)(yue)(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬(xun)進行(xing)第(di)二次(ci)中(zhong)耕除(chu)草,淺鋤。施(shi)肥(fei)以(yi)基(ji)肥(fei)為(wei)主,增施(shi)有(you)(you)機肥(fei)。夏秋季久旱(han)時(shi)(shi),宜(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)清晨或傍晚進行(xing)澆(jiao)水;梅雨(yu)季節(jie)要(yao)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)排水防(fang)漬。6月(yue)(yue)(yue)~7月(yue)(yue)(yue)間,對產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)花莖(jing)(jing)的植(zhi)株,可(ke)結(jie)合中(zhong)耕除(chu)草去(qu)除(chu)。病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)防(fang)治(zhi):根據(ju)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)規律(lv)和(he)預報,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)加強管理(li)(li)、培育壯(zhuang)苗(miao)、提高(gao)植(zhi)株抗(kang)逆性、及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)清理(li)(li)田間雜草和(he)病(bing)株集中(zhong)處理(li)(li)、殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)燈等(deng)農業、物理(li)(li)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物等(deng)綠色防(fang)治(zhi)方式(shi)進行(xing)病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害綜合防(fang)治(zhi)。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)與(yu)初加工(gong):于霜(shuang)降后植(zhi)株枯(ku)萎時(shi)(shi)至第(di)二年春(chun)(chun)分前(qian)(qian)(qian)采(cai)(cai)收(shou)。采(cai)(cai)收(shou)時(shi)(shi)全(quan)株挖起,抖去(qu)泥土(tu)(tu),去(qu)除(chu)葉莖(jing)(jing),曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)或低溫烘(hong)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。制干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong),須根干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)(zao)而(er)主根未干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)時(shi)(shi),應及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)除(chu)去(qu)須根后再干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)(zao)至全(quan)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。加工(gong)后的成(cheng)品(pin)前(qian)(qian)(qian)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)藥材宜(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)凈麻(布)袋裝,并置于陰涼干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)(zao)處保(bao)(bao)存,貯(zhu)藏環境應整(zheng)潔干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)(zao),且應定期檢查,發(fa)現吸潮、返軟(ruan)時(shi)(shi),應及(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)晾曬干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)(zao)處理(li)(li)。