一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可(ke)提(ti)供(gong)一個能夠承(cheng)裝介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)并且承(cheng)受其(qi)壓力(li)的(de)(de)密(mi)閉空間。固定式(shi)壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)作用(yong)可(ke)分為(wei)四種(zhong)：一是用(yong)于(yu)(yu)完成(cheng)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)物理(li)、化學反應；二是用(yong)于(yu)(yu)完成(cheng)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)熱量交換；三是用(yong)于(yu)(yu)完成(cheng)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)流體(ti)(ti)(ti)壓力(li)平衡緩沖和(he)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)凈化分離；四是用(yong)于(yu)(yu)儲存、盛裝氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)(ti)、液化氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)等(deng)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)。移動式(shi)壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)瓶主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)盛裝氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)(ti)、液化氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)等(deng)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)。氧艙是一種(zhong)醫療用(yong)載人壓力(li)容(rong)器(qi)，為(wei)患者提(ti)供(gong)一個富氧環境。
固定式(shi)(shi)壓力容器、移動式(shi)(shi)壓力容器和(he)氣瓶(ping)的(de)主要(yao)危險(xian)在于其易(yi)于失去密封介質的(de)能力，表現形式(shi)(shi)分為爆炸(zha)和(he)泄漏(lou)兩大(da)(da)類。壓力容器盛裝(zhuang)的(de)介質比(bi)較復(fu)雜，如果(guo)是(shi)可(ke)燃介質溢(yi)出，可(ke)造(zao)成(cheng)氣體爆炸(zha)、火災(zai)；如果(guo)是(shi)有毒介質溢(yi)出，可(ke)造(zao)成(cheng)中毒以(yi)及環(huan)境污染。尤(you)其是(shi)壓力容器介質盛裝(zhuang)量較大(da)(da)的(de)時(shi)候，發生(sheng)事故的(de)后果(guo)會更(geng)為嚴重。氧艙的(de)主要(yao)危險(xian)是(shi)易(yi)發生(sheng)火災(zai)。
壓力(li)容器常見事故(gu)有爆炸、泄漏、爆燃(ran)、火(huo)災、中毒(du)以及設備損壞等(deng)類(lei)型，事故(gu)造成人員(yuan)傷亡的因(yin)素主要有爆炸、爆燃(ran)、中毒(du)、火(huo)災、灼燙等(deng)。此外，檢修時進入(ru)壓力(li)容器內部，還易出現(xian)缺氧窒息和中毒(du)。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為(wei)了保障壓力容(rong)器(qi)安全運轉(zhuan)，避(bi)免(mian)各(ge)類事故(gu)的(de)產生，作(zuo)為(wei)壓力容(rong)器(qi)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)單位一(yi)定(ding)要認(ren)真執(zhi)行壓力容(rong)器(qi)定(ding)檢(jian)的(de)制度(du)，而每次定(ding)檢(jian)都要先將定(ding)檢(jian)計劃(hua)呈送(song)當地監管(guan)部門(men)，讓(rang)相關部門(men)負責監督檢(jian)驗工作(zuo)。
1、外部檢查
亦稱運(yun)行(xing)中檢查(cha)，檢查(cha)的主要(yao)內容有(you)：壓力容器外(wai)表面有(you)無(wu)裂紋(wen)(wen)、變形(xing)、泄漏、局部(bu)過熱等不正常(chang)現(xian)(xian)象；安(an)全(quan)附件是(shi)否齊全(quan)、靈(ling)敏、可靠(kao)；緊固螺栓是(shi)否完好、全(quan)部(bu)旋緊；基礎(chu)有(you)無(wu)下沉(chen)、傾斜以及防腐(fu)層有(you)無(wu)損(sun)壞等異(yi)常(chang)現(xian)(xian)象。外(wai)部(bu)檢查(cha)既是(shi)檢驗人員的工作，也(ye)是(shi)操(cao)作人員日常(chang)巡回檢查(cha)項目。發(fa)現(xian)(xian)危及安(an)全(quan)現(xian)(xian)象（如受壓元件產生裂紋(wen)(wen)、變形(xing)、嚴(yan)重泄滲(shen)等）應(ying)予停(ting)運(yun)并及時報告有(you)關人員。
2、內外部檢驗
壓力(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)這種(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)必須(xu)在停車和容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)清洗干凈后(hou)才能進行。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)主(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)除包括外(wai)(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查的(de)全部(bu)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)外(wai)(wai)，還要檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)表面的(de)腐(fu)蝕磨損現象；用(yong)肉眼和放大鏡對(dui)所(suo)有(you)焊縫、封頭過(guo)渡(du)區及其(qi)他應(ying)(ying)力(li)集(ji)中部(bu)位檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查有(you)無裂紋，必要時采(cai)用(yong)超聲波或(huo)射(she)線探傷檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查焊縫內(nei)(nei)部(bu)質量；測量壁厚。若(ruo)測得壁厚小于容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)最小壁厚時，應(ying)(ying)重(zhong)新進行強度校核，提(ti)出降壓使用(yong)或(huo)修理(li)措(cuo)施；對(dui)可能引(yin)起金(jin)(jin)屬材料的(de)金(jin)(jin)相(xiang)組織(zhi)變化的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)，必要時應(ying)(ying)進行金(jin)(jin)相(xiang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)；高壓、超高壓容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)主(zhu)要螺栓(shuan)應(ying)(ying)利用(yong)磁粉或(huo)著色(se)進行有(you)無裂紋的(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查等。通過(guo)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)，對(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)出的(de)缺(que)陷要分析原(yuan)因并提(ti)出處(chu)理(li)意見。修理(li)后(hou)要進行復驗(yan)(yan)。壓力(li)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)周期為每三年一次，但對(dui)強烈腐(fu)蝕性介質、劇毒(du)介質的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)周期應(ying)(ying)予(yu)縮短。運行中發現有(you)嚴重(zhong)缺(que)陷的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)和焊接質量差、材質對(dui)介質抗腐(fu)蝕能力(li)不明的(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)也均應(ying)(ying)縮短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)周期。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全(quan)面(mian)檢(jian)驗(yan)除了(le)上述檢(jian)驗(yan)項目外，還要進(jin)行(xing)(xing)耐壓(ya)試(shi)驗(yan)（一般進(jin)行(xing)(xing)水壓(ya)試(shi)驗(yan)）。對(dui)主要焊縫進(jin)行(xing)(xing)無(wu)損探(tan)傷抽查(cha)或(huo)(huo)全(quan)部焊縫檢(jian)查(cha)。但(dan)對(dui)壓(ya)力(li)很低(di)、非易燃或(huo)(huo)無(wu)毒(du)、無(wu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕性(xing)介(jie)質(zhi)的容器，若沒(mei)有發現缺陷，取得一定使(shi)用經(jing)驗(yan)后，可(ke)不作無(wu)損探(tan)傷檢(jian)查(cha)。容器的全(quan)面(mian)檢(jian)驗(yan)周期，一般為每六年至少(shao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)一次(ci)。對(dui)盛裝(zhuang)空氣(qi)和(he)惰性(xing)氣(qi)體的制造合格容器，在取得使(shi)用經(jing)驗(yan)和(he)一兩次(ci)內外檢(jian)驗(yan)確認(ren)無(wu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕后，全(quan)面(mian)檢(jian)驗(yan)周期可(ke)適當(dang)延長(chang)。
