一、壓力容器的危險性有哪些
壓力容器可提供一(yi)個能夠承(cheng)裝(zhuang)介(jie)質并且承(cheng)受(shou)其(qi)壓(ya)力(li)的(de)密閉(bi)空間。固(gu)定式(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容器的(de)主要作用可分為(wei)四種:一(yi)是用于完成(cheng)介(jie)質的(de)物理、化(hua)學反應(ying);二是用于完成(cheng)介(jie)質的(de)熱量交換;三是用于完成(cheng)介(jie)質的(de)流體(ti)(ti)壓(ya)力(li)平衡緩沖和氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)的(de)凈(jing)化(hua)分離;四是用于儲存(cun)、盛(sheng)裝(zhuang)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)、液化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)等介(jie)質。移動式(shi)壓(ya)力(li)容器和氣(qi)(qi)瓶主要用于盛(sheng)裝(zhuang)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)、液體(ti)(ti)、液化(hua)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)等介(jie)質。氧艙(cang)是一(yi)種醫(yi)療用載人壓(ya)力(li)容器,為(wei)患者提供一(yi)個富氧環境。
固定式(shi)壓(ya)力容器(qi)、移動式(shi)壓(ya)力容器(qi)和(he)(he)氣瓶的(de)主(zhu)要危險(xian)在于其易于失(shi)去密封介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)能力,表(biao)現形式(shi)分為(wei)爆炸(zha)和(he)(he)泄漏(lou)兩大(da)(da)類。壓(ya)力容器(qi)盛(sheng)裝的(de)介(jie)質(zhi)比(bi)較復雜,如果是(shi)(shi)可燃介(jie)質(zhi)溢(yi)出,可造成氣體爆炸(zha)、火災;如果是(shi)(shi)有(you)毒介(jie)質(zhi)溢(yi)出,可造成中(zhong)毒以及環境(jing)污染。尤(you)其是(shi)(shi)壓(ya)力容器(qi)介(jie)質(zhi)盛(sheng)裝量(liang)較大(da)(da)的(de)時候,發生(sheng)事故的(de)后果會(hui)更為(wei)嚴重(zhong)。氧艙的(de)主(zhu)要危險(xian)是(shi)(shi)易發生(sheng)火災。
壓力容(rong)器(qi)常(chang)見(jian)事故(gu)有爆(bao)炸、泄漏、爆(bao)燃(ran)、火災、中(zhong)毒(du)以(yi)及設(she)備損壞(huai)等(deng)類型,事故(gu)造(zao)成人員傷亡的因素主要(yao)有爆(bao)炸、爆(bao)燃(ran)、中(zhong)毒(du)、火災、灼燙等(deng)。此(ci)外,檢修時進入壓力容(rong)器(qi)內部,還易(yi)出(chu)現缺氧窒(zhi)息和中(zhong)毒(du)。
二、壓力容器檢查哪些內容
為了(le)保障壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器(qi)安全運轉,避免各類事故的(de)產生,作為壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器(qi)的(de)使(shi)用單(dan)位(wei)一(yi)定(ding)要認真(zhen)執行壓(ya)力(li)容(rong)器(qi)定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)的(de)制度(du),而每次(ci)定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)都(dou)要先將定(ding)檢(jian)(jian)計(ji)劃(hua)呈送當(dang)地監(jian)(jian)管部門(men)(men),讓相關部門(men)(men)負責(ze)監(jian)(jian)督(du)檢(jian)(jian)驗工作。
1、外部檢查
亦稱運行中檢(jian)(jian)查(cha),檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)的主要(yao)內容有:壓力容器(qi)外表面有無裂紋(wen)、變形(xing)、泄漏、局(ju)部過熱等不(bu)正常(chang)現象(xiang);安全(quan)附(fu)件(jian)是否(fou)齊全(quan)、靈敏、可靠;緊固螺栓是否(fou)完好、全(quan)部旋緊;基礎有無下沉、傾斜以及防腐(fu)層有無損壞等異常(chang)現象(xiang)。外部檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)既是檢(jian)(jian)驗人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的工作,也是操(cao)作人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)日常(chang)巡回檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)項目。發(fa)現危及安全(quan)現象(xiang)(如(ru)受(shou)壓元件(jian)產生裂紋(wen)、變形(xing)、嚴重泄滲等)應予停運并及時報告有關人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)。
2、內外部檢驗
壓力容(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)這種檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)必須在停車和(he)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)清(qing)洗干凈(jing)后才(cai)能進(jin)行(xing)。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)除包括外部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)的(de)全部(bu)(bu)(bu)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)外,還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)內(nei)(nei)外表(biao)面的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)磨損現象;用肉眼和(he)放大鏡對(dui)(dui)所有焊縫、封頭過渡區及(ji)其他(ta)應(ying)力集中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)有無裂紋,必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)采用超(chao)聲波(bo)或(huo)射線探傷檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)焊縫內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)質量;測量壁厚。若測得(de)壁厚小(xiao)于容(rong)器(qi)(qi)最小(xiao)壁厚時(shi),應(ying)重(zhong)新(xin)進(jin)行(xing)強(qiang)度校核,提出(chu)降壓使用或(huo)修理措施(shi);對(dui)(dui)可能引起(qi)金屬材料的(de)金相組織(zhi)變化的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi),必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時(shi)應(ying)進(jin)行(xing)金相檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan);高(gao)壓、超(chao)高(gao)壓容(rong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)螺栓應(ying)利用磁粉或(huo)著色進(jin)行(xing)有無裂紋的(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)等。通過內(nei)(nei)外部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan),對(dui)(dui)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)的(de)缺陷要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分析原因并提出(chu)處理意見(jian)。修理后要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)復(fu)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。壓力容(rong)器(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)外部(bu)(bu)(bu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期為每三年一次,但對(dui)(dui)強(qiang)烈(lie)腐(fu)蝕(shi)性介質、劇毒介質的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期應(ying)予縮短。運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)發現有嚴重(zhong)缺陷的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)和(he)焊接質量差、材質對(dui)(dui)介質抗腐(fu)蝕(shi)能力不明(ming)的(de)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)也(ye)均應(ying)縮短檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)周(zhou)期。
3、全面檢驗
壓力容器全面檢(jian)驗(yan)除了上述(shu)檢(jian)驗(yan)項目外(wai)(wai),還要(yao)進(jin)行耐壓試(shi)驗(yan)(一(yi)般(ban)(ban)進(jin)行水壓試(shi)驗(yan))。對(dui)主要(yao)焊(han)縫進(jin)行無損(sun)探傷抽查(cha)或全部(bu)焊(han)縫檢(jian)查(cha)。但對(dui)壓力很低(di)、非易燃或無毒、無腐蝕性介(jie)質的容(rong)器,若沒有發現缺陷,取得一(yi)定使(shi)用經(jing)驗(yan)后(hou)(hou),可(ke)不作無損(sun)探傷檢(jian)查(cha)。容(rong)器的全面檢(jian)驗(yan)周(zhou)期(qi),一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)每(mei)六年至少進(jin)行一(yi)次。對(dui)盛(sheng)裝空氣(qi)和惰性氣(qi)體的制造合格容(rong)器,在取得使(shi)用經(jing)驗(yan)和一(yi)兩(liang)次內(nei)外(wai)(wai)檢(jian)驗(yan)確認無腐蝕后(hou)(hou),全面檢(jian)驗(yan)周(zhou)期(qi)可(ke)適當延長。