一、砂石墊層的施工要求有哪些
1、砂石墊層的材料必須具有良好的振實加密性能,宜選用碎石、卵石、角礫、圓礫、礫砂、粗砂、中砂或石(shi)(shi)屑(粒(li)徑小于(yu)2mm的部分(fen)不(bu)應超過總重(zhong)的45%),且應級配良好,不(bu)含植物殘體、垃圾等雜物。若(ruo)只用粉細砂或石(shi)(shi)粉(粒(li)徑小于(yu)0.075 mm的部分(fen)不(bu)超過總重(zhong)的90%)時(shi),應均(jun)勻(yun)摻入不(bu)少于(yu)總重(zhong)30%的碎(sui)石(shi)(shi)或卵石(shi)(shi)。砂石(shi)(shi)的最(zui)大粒(li)徑不(bu)宜大于(yu)50mm。
2、基坑(keng)(keng)開挖(wa)時(shi)(shi)應(ying)避免坑(keng)(keng)底土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)受擾動(dong),可保留約(yue)200mm厚(hou)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)暫不(bu)挖(wa)去,待鋪填墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)前再(zai)挖(wa)至(zhi)設計標(biao)高。嚴禁擾動(dong)墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)的(de)軟(ruan)弱土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng),防止(zhi)(zhi)其被(bei)踐(jian)踏、受凍或(huo)受水(shui)(shui)浸泡(pao)。在(zai)碎石墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)底部(bu)宜(yi)設置150~300mm厚(hou)的(de)砂墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)鋪一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)織(zhi)物,以防止(zhi)(zhi)軟(ruan)弱土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)表面(mian)的(de)局(ju)部(bu)破壞(huai),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)必須(xu)防止(zhi)(zhi)基坑(keng)(keng)邊坡坍土(tu)(tu)(tu)混入墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)。在(zai)地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位以下(xia)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)時(shi)(shi),應(ying)采取降低地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位的(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(水(shui)(shui)撼法施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)除外(wai)),使基坑(keng)(keng)保持無積水(shui)(shui)狀態。如因墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)下(xia)方(fang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)差(cha)異而(er)使墊(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)底面(mian)標(biao)高不(bu)一(yi)時(shi)(shi),基坑(keng)(keng)(槽)底宜(yi)挖(wa)成階梯形(xing),施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)時(shi)(shi)按先深后淺的(de)順序(xu)進行(xing),并(bing)應(ying)注意搭接處的(de)質(zhi)量。
3、砂(sha)石(shi)墊層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)的關鍵是將砂(sha)石(shi)材料振(zhen)實加密到(dao)設計要求(qiu)的密實度(壓(ya)實系數0.94~0.97)。如(ru)要求(qiu)進一步提高(gao)砂(sha)石(shi)墊層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),則(ze)宜(yi)加大機械(xie)的功率。砂(sha)石(shi)墊層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的施(shi)工(gong)方法(fa)有振(zhen)實法(fa)、水撼法(fa)、夯(hang)實法(fa)、碾壓(ya)法(fa)等多種(zhong),可根據砂(sha)石(shi)材料、地質(zhi)(zhi)條件(jian)、施(shi)工(gong)設備等條件(jian)選用。施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)應(ying)分層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)鋪筑,在下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的密實度經檢驗達到(dao)合格要求(qiu)后,方可進行(xing)上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)。砂(sha)墊層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)的含水量(liang)對壓(ya)實效(xiao)果影響(xiang)很大,一般以潤濕到(dao)接近(jin)飽和(he)狀態(tai)時(shi)效(xiao)果最好(hao)。
二、砂石墊層成品有哪些保護措施
1、施工時應妥善保護(hu)標高控制樁,防止碰撞(zhuang)位移,并應經常復測。
2、對伸出墻的設備管線、埋入墊層中的各(ge)種管線均應妥善保(bao)護,防止施工時碰撞或損壞。
3、施工中遇雨、雪天要(yao)做(zuo)臨時覆(fu)蓋,以防墊層被浸泡或受凍。
4、墊層(ceng)施工完后(hou),應及(ji)時進行下道工序施工,否則,應進行圍擋和(he)臨時遮蓋.并(bing)經常灑(sa)水濕潤。
5、施(shi)工完的墊層不得在上堆放重物和行駛車輛。