漢中中藥材“漢八味”指的是天麻、西洋參、杜仲、元胡、銀杏(xing)、附子、豬(zhu)苓、山茱(zhu)萸。
天麻(ma)(Gastrodia elata Bl.),蘭(lan)科天麻(ma)屬多年(nian)生草本植(zhi)物;植(zhi)株較高大,根(gen)狀(zhuang)莖(jing)長(chang)(chang)呈橢圓形或倒(dao)圓錐形,節密鱗片狀(zhuang)鞘多;肉質莖(jing)黃(huang)色;無綠色葉片;花(hua)為橙黃(huang)或淡黃(huang)色,萼片和花(hua)瓣(ban)合生;蒴果長(chang)(chang)圓形,具短(duan)梗;種子多而細(xi)小,呈粉(fen)塵狀(zhuang);花(hua)果期(qi)為5、6、7月。[6]古人認為天麻(ma)生長(chang)(chang)神奇(qi),若上天賜予,其狀(zhuang)類(lei)古時(shi)麻(ma)為之鞋,故稱(cheng)天麻(ma)。
西(xi)洋參(can)(Panax quinquefolius L.),是五(wu)加科人參(can)屬(shu)的多年生(sheng)草本植物。西(xi)洋參(can)的根為(wei)圓(yuan)柱形或(huo)(huo)紡錘形;葉片(pian)廣卵(luan)形或(huo)(huo)倒卵(luan)形,邊緣有粗鋸齒;花序是傘(san)形,尊綠(lv)色(se),鐘狀;花瓣綠(lv)白色(se),花藥卵(luan)形或(huo)(huo)矩圓(yuan)形;漿果(guo)扁(bian)球形,熟(shu)時為(wei)鮮紅色(se),花期在(zai)7-8月(yue),果(guo)期9月(yue)。
陜(shan)西南部(bu)的略(lve)陽縣是杜仲的原產地(di)、適(shi)生區。通常認為(wei)杜仲起(qi)源于(yu)陜(shan)、甘(gan)、川三省(sheng)交(jiao)界的秦嶺山脈。由于(yu)地(di)處(chu)秦巴山區,地(di)理交(jiao)通欠(qian)發達,保護了許多物(wu)種(zhong)的種(zhong)質資(zi)源,杜仲就是其(qi)一。略(lve)陽杜仲成(cheng)品呈平板(ban)狀(zhuang),斷面銀白色膠絲致密,內皮色澤(ze)鮮亮(liang),有效藥物(wu)成(cheng)分含量(liang)高。
一般指延(yan)胡索(suo),中藥名。為罌粟(su)科植物延(yan)胡索(suo)的(de)干(gan)燥塊(kuai)莖。夏初莖葉枯萎時采挖,除去(qu)須(xu)根(gen),洗凈,置沸(fei)水(shui)中煮至(zhi)恰無白心時,取出,曬干(gan)。生于山地林(lin)下,或(huo)為栽培(pei)。分布河北、山東、江蘇、浙江等地。具有活(huo)血(xue),行氣,止痛(tong)的(de)功效。用于胸脅、脘(wan)腹疼(teng)痛(tong),胸痹心痛(tong),經(jing)閉痛(tong)經(jing),產后瘀阻,跌撲(pu)腫痛(tong)。
銀(yin)杏為(wei)中生(sheng)代孑(jie)遺的(de)稀有(you)(you)樹種(zhong)(zhong),系中國特產,生(sheng)于海拔(ba)500-1000米、酸性(pH值5-5.5)黃(huang)壤、排水(shui)良好地帶(dai)的(de)天然林(lin)中,常與柳杉、榧樹、藍果(guo)樹等針闊葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)混生(sheng),生(sheng)長旺盛。朝鮮、日本及(ji)(ji)歐美(mei)各國庭(ting)園均有(you)(you)栽(zai)培(pei)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)供食用(多食易(yi)中毒(du))及(ji)(ji)藥用。葉可作(zuo)藥用和制(zhi)殺(sha)蟲劑,亦可作(zuo)肥(fei)料。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)肉質外種(zhong)(zhong)皮含白果(guo)酸、白果(guo)醇及(ji)(ji)白果(guo)酚,有(you)(you)毒(du)。
烏(wu)頭(學名:Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux)是毛(mao)茛科(ke)、烏(wu)頭屬草(cao)本植物。6月下旬至8月上旬采挖,除(chu)去(qu)母根、須根及(ji)泥(ni)沙,習稱(cheng)“泥(ni)附子(zi)”。
豬苓多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(學名:Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fr.)是(shi)多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)科、多(duo)孔菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。埋生(sheng)(sheng)于地下,呈現不規則塊狀,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)表(biao)面有(you)(you)白色(se)(se)、灰色(se)(se)和黑色(se)(se),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)分(fen)為(wei)表(biao)皮(pi)和髓(sui)質(zhi),髓(sui)質(zhi)由(you)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲黏連(lian)交(jiao)織而成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)核(he)表(biao)皮(pi)細胞趨(qu)于木(mu)質(zhi)化,子(zi)實體由(you)生(sheng)(sheng)殖菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲、骨架菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲和聯(lian)絡菌(jun)(jun)(jun)絲組成,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)蓋白色(se)(se)圓形(xing),中部臍狀,有(you)(you)淡黃(huang)色(se)(se)的纖維層鱗片狀,呈放(fang)射(she)狀,觸摸有(you)(you)軟毛絨(rong)感覺。
山茱(zhu)(zhu)萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)是山茱(zhu)(zhu)萸科山茱(zhu)(zhu)萸屬落葉喬木(mu)或灌木(mu)。其樹皮(pi)灰褐(he)色(se)(se);小枝細圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),無毛或稀被貼生短(duan)柔毛冬芽頂生及腋(ye)生,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),被黃褐(he)色(se)(se)短(duan)柔毛;葉對生,紙(zhi)質(zhi),卵狀(zhuang)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或卵狀(zhuang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),葉柄細圓(yuan)柱形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);傘形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)花序生于枝側,卵形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),厚紙(zhi)質(zhi)至革質(zhi),總(zong)花梗粗壯,花小,兩(liang)性,先葉開放(fang),花梗纖細;核(he)果長橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),紅(hong)色(se)(se)至紫(zi)紅(hong)色(se)(se),核(he)骨質(zhi),狹橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing);花期(qi)3-4月(yue);果期(qi)9-10月(yue)。
陜西秦巴山區(qu)生(sheng)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富,所在區(qu)縣(xian)均是(shi)陜西道(dao)地名(ming)優藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)的重(zhong)要(yao)產(chan)區(qu)。所產(chan)道(dao)地藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)質(zhi)量上(shang)乘(cheng),在全(quan)國(guo)市場占據一定的位(wei)置。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)市域內(nei)共有藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)1600余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用動物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)250種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占全(quan)省總(zong)資(zi)源(yuan)的77% ,名(ming)列全(quan)省第一,國(guo)家公(gong)布的364種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)名(ming)錄中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有280種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也占全(quan)部藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的77% 。《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典》收集的580個重(zhong)要(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就有316種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
據了解,漢中(zhong)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植(zhi)規模和標(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)工程建設(she)居全省(sheng)領先(xian)(xian),山茱萸、黃精、天麻、豬苓等規范化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)技術全國(guo)領先(xian)(xian),略(lve)陽(yang)天麻、略(lve)陽(yang)杜(du)仲(zhong)、略(lve)陽(yang)豬苓、漢中(zhong)附子、寧強華細辛等多(duo)個中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)產(chan)品(pin)獲國(guo)家地理(li)標(biao)志(zhi)保護(hu)產(chan)品(pin)認證。中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)已逾173萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),常年穩定在(zai)130多(duo)萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu),規范化(hua)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)20萬(wan)(wan)畝(mu)以(yi)上,道地藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)180余種(zhong),常見家種(zhong)品(pin)種(zhong)65個,優勢藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)48種(zhong)。天麻、元(yuan)胡、附子產(chan)量(liang)分別占全國(guo)總產(chan)量(liang)的50%以(yi)上。中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)和產(chan)量(liang)名列陜西第一,位居全國(guo)地市前列。