成都(dou)(dou)平原(yuan)史(shi)前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)包括四川(chuan)省成都(dou)(dou)新津縣(xian)龍馬鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)寶墩古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、郫都(dou)(dou)區古城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)鄲縣(xian)古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、溫江(jiang)區萬春鎮的(de)(de)魚(yu)鳧古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、都(dou)(dou)江(jiang)堰市青城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)芒城(cheng)(cheng)古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)、崇(chong)州市上元(yuan)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)雙河(he)古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)及燎原(yuan)鄉(xiang)的(de)(de)紫(zi)竹古城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)等(deng),是迄今所知中國(guo)西(xi)南地區發現年代早、規模大、分(fen)布密集的(de)(de)史(shi)前(qian)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)群,年代距(ju)今約4500~4000年左(zuo)右。
成都平原(yuan)史前(qian)城址是四(si)川考古學(xue)上一次(ci)全新的發現和突破(po)。對于建立四(si)川地(di)區新石器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)到青銅(tong)時(shi)代(dai)的文(wen)化發展(zhan)序列、探索長江上游地(di)區文(wen)明(ming)起源等問題具有重要的學(xue)術價(jia)值。
2001年,成都(dou)平原史前城址被(bei)國(guo)務院公(gong)布為(wei)第(di)五(wu)批全國(guo)重點文物保護單位。
位干四(si)川(chuan)省成都市(shi)新津縣城西北的(de)龍馬鄉寶墩(dun)村,地形奇特,在一馬平川(chuan)的(de)綠色沃野上凸現(xian)出一圈不規則的(de)脊(ji)梁似的(de)黃(huang)土(tu)埂(geng)子。埂(geng)內(nei)阡(qian)陌縱橫(heng),溝渠交錯。溝底和(he)兩側往往會發現(xian)一些散碎(sui)的(de)磚(zhuan)瓦器物(wu)。1995年(nian)(nian),成都市(shi)文(wen)物(wu)考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)、四(si)川(chuan)大學考(kao)古(gu)系及日本(ben)早(zao)稻(dao)田大學聯合對寶墩(dun)村進行(xing)考(kao)古(gu)發掘(jue),經(jing)四(si)個(ge)月發掘(jue)后確認,黃(huang)土(tu)埂(geng)子圈起的(de)地方是(shi)距今(jin)約(yue)四(si)、五(wu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)的(de)古(gu)城遺(yi)址(zhi),散碎(sui)的(de)磚(zhuan)瓦器物(wu)是(shi)蜀地先民早(zao)在四(si)、五(wu)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)前(qian)就進入(ru)文(wen)明(ming)的(de)物(wu)證,比三(san)星堆(dui)和(he)金(jin)沙遺(yi)址(zhi)年(nian)(nian)代還要早(zao),屬成都平原古(gu)蜀文(wen)明(ming)的(de)早(zao)階段。
寶(bao)墩古(gu)城遺址(zhi)系龍山(shan)時代古(gu)城遺址(zhi),對探索長江上游地(di)區的文明起源有著極為重要(yao)的意義,是繼廣漢三星堆藏坑(keng)之后,四川地(di)區又一重要(yao)發(fa)現,在(zai)中外考古(gu)界引起了轟動,并在(zai)1996 年全國十(shi)大考古(gu)新發(fa)現中排名第三。
地(di)處(chu)成都平(ping)原腹心地(di)帶的(de)(de)郫(pi)都區(qu)古城鄉,當(dang)地(di)老百姓傳說為(wei)三國蜀漢(han)丞(cheng)相諸葛亮養(yang)馬的(de)(de)“養(yang)馬城”。城址(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)面(mian)呈長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),城垣長650、寬500米,面(mian)積(ji)32.5萬平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米;城址(zhi)(zhi)中部發現有(you)面(mian)積(ji)達(da)550平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米的(de)(de)禮儀性建(jian)筑。文(wen)(wen)化層堆積(ji)有(you)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)晚期(qi)、漢(han)代(dai)(dai)和宋代(dai)(dai)三個時期(qi)的(de)(de)堆積(ji)。以(yi)新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)時代(dai)(dai)晚期(qi)文(wen)(wen)化層豐富,厚達(da)80厘米,可分(fen)上(shang)、下兩(liang)層。城內有(you)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi),房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)地(di)面(mian)起(qi)建(jian),呈方(fang)(fang)形(xing),挖基槽,作木骨泥(ni)墻。出土(tu)遺物主要(yao)是陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。下層夾砂陶(tao)(tao)和泥(ni)質陶(tao)(tao)多半,上(shang)層則以(yi)夾砂陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)主,褐陶(tao)(tao)多見,灰陶(tao)(tao)較少,紋(wen)飾以(yi)繩(sheng)紋(wen)、方(fang)(fang)格紋(wen)、戳印(yin)紋(wen)為(wei)主,器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)以(yi)外折沿(yan)花邊口罐(guan)、盤口形(xing)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、喇叭高(gao)頸罐(guan)、寬折沿(yan)深腹罐(guan)為(wei)常(chang)見,也有(you)少量帶耳器(qi)(qi)(qi),另有(you)陶(tao)(tao)紡輪(lun)。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均磨(mo)制,有(you)斧(fu)、錛、鑿等。
城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于(yu)溫江(jiang)區萬春鎮魚鳧村,當地(di)老百姓(xing)傳說是古蜀王魚鳧的(de)都邑所在地(di),習稱“魚鳧城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)呈平面呈不規則的(de)六邊(bian)形(xing),面積40萬平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。經(jing)調查、鉆探,了解到城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)呈西北(bei)至(zhi)東南(nan)(nan)向,南(nan)(nan)垣(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)約(yue)600米(mi)(mi)(mi);東垣(yuan)(yuan)呈外弧(hu)形(xing),長(chang)440米(mi)(mi)(mi),西垣(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)370米(mi)(mi)(mi),東北(bei)垣(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)280米(mi)(mi)(mi),城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面積約(yue)2萬平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。南(nan)(nan)垣(yuan)(yuan)東端一處(chu)現(xian)存高(gao)3.5、頂(ding)寬15.5、腳寬30米(mi)(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)于(yu)臺地(di)邊(bian)緣(yuan),墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)構筑(zhu)方法(fa)為(wei)斜坡堆(dui)筑(zhu)形(xing)式,墻(qiang)(qiang)下(xia)有(you)一層(ceng)(ceng)小(xiao)卵石(shi)層(ceng)(ceng),可能(neng)為(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)基。墻(qiang)(qiang)外側也有(you)卵石(shi)與土(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)相間的(de)層(ceng)(ceng)位(wei)。系人工(gong)所為(wei)。城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中發現(xian)新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代晚期(qi)、漢代和唐代三個(ge)時期(qi)文化層(ceng)(ceng),以新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代文化堆(dui)積豐富,集中在城(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)東部(bu)和北(bei)部(bu)。所出陶器(qi)以夾(jia)(jia)(jia)砂褐陶為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),夾(jia)(jia)(jia)砂灰(hui)陶、泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)灰(hui)陶和泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)褐陶較少(shao),還(huan)有(you)少(shao)量(liang)黑皮陶。夾(jia)(jia)(jia)砂陶多(duo)見(jian)繩紋(wen)(wen)裝飾(shi),另有(you)少(shao)量(liang)戳(chuo)印紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)圈(quan)足(zu)上的(de)鏤(lou)孔;泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)陶主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)飾(shi)戳(chuo)印紋(wen)(wen)、附加泥(ni)(ni)條(tiao)上戳(chuo)印、篦劃(hua)平行(xing)線紋(wen)(wen)、水波紋(wen)(wen)及(ji)少(shao)量(liang)弦紋(wen)(wen)和瓦(wa)棱紋(wen)(wen)。以小(xiao)平底(di)器(qi)器(qi)底(di)施旋轉(zhuan)樣繩紋(wen)(wen)有(you)特色。器(qi)形(xing)以夾(jia)(jia)(jia)砂花邊(bian)口(kou)罐(guan)、小(xiao)平底(di)假(jia)圈(quan)足(zu)敞(chang)口(kou)罐(guan),泥(ni)(ni)質(zhi)喇(la)叭口(kou)高(gao)領罐(guan)、寬折(zhe)沿罐(guan)為(wei)代表。還(huan)有(you)少(shao)量(liang)盤口(kou)形(xing)器(qi)和帶耳器(qi),其(qi)中圈(quan)足(zu)器(qi)較獨特,石(shi)器(qi)以小(xiao)型為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),多(duo)為(wei)磨制,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)錛、斧、鑿和穿(chuan)孔石(shi)器(qi)。
城(cheng)址位于(yu)都(dou)江堰市(shi)青城(cheng)鄉(xiang)芒(mang)城(cheng)村,當地老百姓俗稱“芒(mang)城(cheng)子”,傳說為(wei)(wei)明末(mo)張獻忠于(yu)匆忙(mang)中(zhong)修(xiu)建的(de)(de)“忙(mang)城(cheng)”。城(cheng)址平面(mian)呈(cheng)不規(gui)則的(de)(de)長(chang)方(fang)形,為(wei)(wei)內外雙圈(quan)城(cheng)墻(qiang),內外城(cheng)墻(qiang)間(jian)有(you)壕溝,面(mian)積(ji)約(yue)12萬平方(fang)米。城(cheng)內堆積(ji)有(you)新石器(qi)時(shi)代和(he)(he)宋(song)代兩大時(shi)期的(de)(de)文化層。以新石器(qi)時(shi)代文化層為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可分5層,遺物以陶(tao)器(qi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),還(huan)有(you)一定(ding)(ding)數(shu)量的(de)(de)石器(qi)。陶(tao)器(qi)種(zhong)類(lei)較少(shao),制(zhi)法以手(shou)制(zhi)加慢(man)輪修(xiu)整為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),泥(ni)質陶(tao)所占(zhan)比重(zhong)較大,陶(tao)色多紅褐(he)和(he)(he)橙黃色,灰陶(tao)相(xiang)對較少(shao),陶(tao)質較軟,代表(biao)性器(qi)物有(you)喇叭口高(gao)頸罐、寬(kuan)折沿盆和(he)(he)寬(kuan)折沿罐、器(qi)蓋(gai)及(ji)少(shao)量帶(dai)柄(bing)圈(quan)足豆。器(qi)表(biao)以素面(mian)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)中(zhong)主(zhu)要見兩三道平行(xing)劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)由劃(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)組合成(cheng)的(de)(de)幾(ji)何(he)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、少(shao)量凹(ao)弦(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等。夾(jia)砂陶(tao)中(zhong)以外褐(he)內灰或內黑陶(tao)居多,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以繩(sheng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),另有(you)戳印紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),器(qi)形以外折沿紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)唇(chun)花邊(bian)口罐和(he)(he)圈(quan)足器(qi)為(wei)(wei)代表(biao),還(huan)有(you)一定(ding)(ding)數(shu)量的(de)(de)盤口形器(qi)。石器(qi)均磨制(zhi),有(you)斧、錛、鑿。
城(cheng)(cheng)址位于崇(chong)州(zhou)市上元鄉芒城(cheng)(cheng)村雙河場,當地(di)俗稱“下芒城(cheng)(cheng)”。古城(cheng)(cheng)面(mian)積約15萬(wan)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)址基(ji)本呈正(zheng)南(nan)北方(fang)(fang)向,城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)分(fen)內(nei)外兩圈,內(nei)、外圈間距約15米(mi),東垣(yuan)內(nei)圈城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)保存好,長約450米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)最高達(da)4米(mi),結構與(yu)都江(jiang)堰(yan)芒城(cheng)(cheng)相似(si)。對該遺址進行試掘時,發現人工柱(zhu)洞(dong)14個,內(nei)有礎石;其(qi)平(ping)面(mian)大致呈“十”字形,面(mian)積超過60平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米(mi),與(yu)挖(wa)溝槽埋柱(zhu)的(de)木骨泥(ni)墻式(shi)房屋有較(jiao)大的(de)差別。此城(cheng)(cheng)址地(di)層堆積較(jiao)薄,遺物(wu)較(jiao)單純,陶器變化(hua)較(jiao)小;較(jiao)有特(te)色的(de)出土器物(wu)是一件三孔(kong)石鉞和(he)呈透(tou)明狀的(de)燧石質石片(pian)石器。
位于(yu)成(cheng)都平(ping)原西部崇州市區西南13公里(li)處的燎(liao)原鄉紫(zi)竹(zhu)村,東(dong)北(bei)距西河8公里(li),距岷江(jiang)21公里(li)。城址(zhi)平(ping)面(mian)呈(cheng)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),面(mian)積(ji)近20萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。城垣(yuan)分(fen)內(nei)(nei)、外兩圈(quan), 呈(cheng)“回(hui)”字形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),與已發現的都江(jiang)堰芒城、崇州雙河古城平(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)制相近。城垣(yuan)一般寬15米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,內(nei)(nei)、外城垣(yuan)間距約10米(mi)(mi)(mi),現存高度約1——1.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)。對紫(zi)竹(zhu)古城的試(shi)掘(jue)(jue)工作,先后在(zai)(zai)城址(zhi)內(nei)(nei)東(dong)南部、西南部布(bu)探方(fang)發掘(jue)(jue),并對西垣(yuan)內(nei)(nei)圈(quan)、北(bei)垣(yuan)內(nei)(nei)圈(quan)城墻進(jin)行解剖,試(shi)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積(ji)121平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi);清理寶(bao)墩文(wen)化(hua)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)9個(ge),紅燒土(tu)堆積(ji)1處,柱洞1個(ge)。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)平(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀分(fen)不(bu)規(gui)則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、橢(tuo)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)幾種(zhong),其中(zhong)以不(bu)規(gui)則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)較為(wei)常見。6號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)口(kou)(kou)(kou)為(wei)第3層所(suo)壓(ya),7號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)打(da)破(po)6號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng),6號(hao)(hao)灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)打(da)破(po)生土(tu)。平(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀為(wei)不(bu)規(gui)則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),西部有(you)(you)(you)一近方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的淺坑(keng)(keng)(keng)。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)長328厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、寬200厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),坑(keng)(keng)(keng)口(kou)(kou)(kou)距地(di)表深(shen)(shen)25厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、距坑(keng)(keng)(keng)底(di)深(shen)(shen)46——80厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。坑(keng)(keng)(keng)壁(bi)不(bu)規(gui)整,有(you)(you)(you)直壁(bi)、亦有(you)(you)(you)斜壁(bi),底(di)大致(zhi)平(ping)。灰(hui)黑(hei)色填土(tu),濕潤,略呈(cheng)沙性(xing);雜有(you)(you)(you)較多炭屑。灰(hui)坑(keng)(keng)(keng)周邊(bian)壁(bi)、底(di)結合處,有(you)(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)凹的小坑(keng)(keng)(keng),或為(wei)腳窩。出(chu)土(tu)物極(ji)為(wei)豐富(fu),有(you)(you)(you)寶(bao)墩文(wen)化(hua)陶圈(quan)足(zu)尊、夾砂(sha)矮圈(quan)足(zu)、喇叭口(kou)(kou)(kou)高領罐、繩紋花邊(bian)罐、篦(bi)劃紋泥質陶壺底(di)片、橋形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)耳、紡輪和石錛等遺物。紅燒土(tu)堆積(ji)位于(yu)1號(hao)(hao)探方(fang)西北(bei)角,為(wei)第3層所(suo)疊壓(ya),打(da)破(po)第4層。平(ping)面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀略呈(cheng)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑約2米(mi)(mi)(mi),堆積(ji)厚約15厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。該堆積(ji)全由紅燒土(tu)塊組(zu)成(cheng),土(tu)塊堅硬,經(jing)火(huo)燒烤時(shi)間較長,可能是一灶坑(keng)(keng)(keng)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)。清理部分(fen)沒有(you)(you)(you)其它文(wen)化(hua)遺物出(chu)土(tu)。
成都平(ping)(ping)原史前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址于20世紀(ji)60年(nian)代(dai)、80年(nian)代(dai)考古(gu)(gu)調查(cha)時相繼(ji)發(fa)現(xian)。發(fa)現(xian)有(you)用于防御的(de)高聳(song)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)、禮儀(yi)性(xing)(xing)大房址、干欄式建(jian)(jian)筑、木骨或竹骨泥墻(qiang)房址、長(chang)方形(xing)豎穴土坑墓和種(zhong)類(lei)多(duo)樣的(de)灰坑,出土了大量磨制精細的(de)石(shi)器和裝(zhuang)飾精美的(de)陶器。這些古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址建(jian)(jian)筑技術相同(tong),文化性(xing)(xing)質單一,是寶墩(dun)文化的(de)中心(xin)聚落(luo)遺址。寶墩(dun)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈長(chang)方形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)達60萬平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。郫(pi)縣古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地(di)處(chu)成都平(ping)(ping)原腹(fu)心(xin)地(di)帶,平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)也呈長(chang)方形(xing),總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)30余萬平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址中部發(fa)現(xian)有(you)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)達550平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)的(de)禮儀(yi)性(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)筑。魚(yu)鳧古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)呈六(liu)邊形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)40萬平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。芒(mang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),為內(nei)外雙(shuang)圈城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang),內(nei)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)間有(you)壕溝(gou),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)11萬平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。雙(shuang)河古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、紫竹古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),其平(ping)(ping)面(mian)(mian)也均(jun)呈長(chang)方形(xing),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)分別為11萬平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)、20萬平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。