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歷史淵源

作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)地(di)方傳統特(te)產。建(jian)(jian)寧種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)歷史(shi)悠久(jiu)，五(wu)代(dai)梁龍德初(chu)（公元(yuan)921年(nian)），金鐃山報國寺前(qian)已(yi)有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)(chi)（為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)寧八景之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)）。清代(dai)，建(jian)(jian)寧白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已(yi)名(ming)聞(wen)遐邇(er)。尤以產于西門(men)外(wai)池(chi)(chi)的(de)“西門(men)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)上(shang)品(pin)，自古屬朝(chao)廷貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。據(ju)民國《建(jian)(jian)寧縣志》載：“西門(men)外(wai)池(chi)(chi)，一(yi)(yi)百(bai)口，種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。池(chi)(chi)旁遍植桃李，春夏花(hua)時(shi)，游人(ren)絡繹不(bu)(bu)絕(jue)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)歲產約(yue)千(qian)斤(jin)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吾國第一(yi)(yi)。”“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，花(hua)葉偶生(sheng)(sheng)相連曰蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。嫩極(ji)鮮，老(lao)則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)干。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)入(ru)藥(yao)補(bu)脾。邑(yi)種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多處，以西門(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最上(shang)品(pin)，水(shui)南次之(zhi)，水(shui)東又次之(zhi)。然較(jiao)他邑(yi)產者(zhe)，均(jun)有(you)(you)天淵之(zhi)判。”陸機詩疏云：“其莖(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)荷。其花(hua)未發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)菡萏，已(yi)發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)芙蕖。其實蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)皮(pi)青(qing)里白(bai)(bai)，其子(zi)菂(di)(di)，菂(di)(di)之(zhi)殼青(qing)肉白(bai)(bai)，菂(di)(di)內青(qing)心為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)苦薏。花(hua)葉常偶生(sheng)(sheng)，不(bu)(bu)偶不(bu)(bu)生(sheng)(sheng)，故根曰藕(ou)。節生(sheng)(sheng)二莖(jing)，一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)藕(ou)荷，其葉貼(tie)水(shui)，其下旁行生(sheng)(sheng)藕(ou)也(ye)；一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)芰荷，其葉出水(shui)，其旁莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)花(hua)也(ye)。其葉清明后生(sheng)(sheng)，五(wu)六月(yue)(yue)開花(hua)，花(hua)有(you)(you)紅(hong)、白(bai)(bai)、粉紅(hong)三(san)色。花(hua)心有(you)(you)黃須，蕊(rui)長(chang)寸余(yu)，須內即(ji)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)。花(hua)褪(tun)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)房成菂(di)(di)，菂(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)房如蜂在(zai)(zai)窠之(zhi)狀。六七月(yue)(yue)采嫩者(zhe)生(sheng)(sheng)食(shi)，脆美。至秋，房枯(ku)子(zi)黑，其堅如石(shi)，謂之(zhi)石(shi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)。八九月(yue)(yue)收之(zhi)，去黑殼，謂之(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)肉。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盡，握藕(ou)食(shi)之(zhi)，藕(ou)白(bai)(bai)有(you)(you)孔(kong)、有(you)(you)絲，大(da)者(zhe)如臂。紅(hong)花(hua)者(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多藕(ou)劣，白(bai)(bai)花(hua)者(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)少(shao)藕(ou)佳。花(hua)白(bai)(bai)者(zhe)香，紅(hong)者(zhe)艷。千(qian)葉者(zhe)不(bu)(bu)結子(zi)。”在(zai)(zai)南鄉長(chang)吉保(bao)有(you)(you)“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)(chi)”。志載“池(chi)(chi)廣十(shi)余(yu)畝，盡種(zhong)荷，花(hua)開時(shi)紅(hong)英碧(bi)葉，水(shui)光掩(yan)映，香風撲鼻，最為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勝境。”在(zai)(zai)東鄉（現(xian)溪(xi)源鄉）有(you)(you)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)塘峰(feng)(feng)的(de)地(di)名(ming)，“峰(feng)(feng)下有(you)(you)仙舍，相傳僧(seng)人(ren)早在(zai)(zai)“天池(chi)(chi)”種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)十(shi)余(yu)畝而得名(ming)。”1989年(nian)版(ban)《辭海》上(shang)冊(ce)1322頁將“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)寧名(ming)貴特(te)產。我國古代(dai)名(ming)著《紅(hong)樓夢》第10回和(he)第52回關于“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”亦有(you)(you)記敘。建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)自產出便為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮廷貴人(ren)們喜愛，于是，建(jian)(jian)寧優(you)質(zhi)白(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)是貢品(pin)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。“建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”外(wai)觀粒大(da)飽(bao)滿，圓潤潔白(bai)(bai)，色如凝(ning)脂，具有(you)(you)稍燉即(ji)熟，久(jiu)煮不(bu)(bu)散，湯汁清甜，香醇爽口，營養(yang)豐富的(de)特(te)點(dian)，放入(ru)剛沖開水(shui)的(de)保(bao)溫瓶(ping)中，半小時(shi)就熟。民間一(yi)(yi)向把建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名(ming)貴的(de)滋補(bu)品(pin)，深受(shou)人(ren)們珍愛。

生產情況

新中國(guo)成(cheng)立以前，建寧(ning)的(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)很小，產(chan)量(liang)也很低(di)，到(dao)解(jie)放(fang)前夕(xi)，已瀕于絕種(zhong)狀態(tai)。解(jie)放(fang)后，黨和(he)政府(fu)對(dui)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)極為重視，建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)得(de)到(dao)迅速恢復。但(dan)在(zai)十年(nian)浩劫的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)大革(ge)命時期(qi)，蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花仙子也難逃(tao)厄(e)運，被摧殘得(de)奄奄一(yi)(yi)息(xi)，1972年(nian)全(quan)縣(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子產(chan)量(liang)只有22擔，不到(dao)1950年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)分之一(yi)(yi)。黨的(de)(de)(de)十一(yi)(yi)屆三(san)中全(quan)會如(ru)春風化(hua)雨，建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)勃發，1980年(nian)全(quan)縣(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子面(mian)積(ji)由民(min)國(guo)33年(nian)（1944）的(de)(de)(de)285畝增至2311畝，1985年(nian)擴大到(dao)53077畝，總(zong)產(chan)196.28萬公(gong)斤，創歷史最(zui)高紀(ji)錄(lu)，面(mian)積(ji)分別(bie)為1950年(nian)、1978年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)226.38倍和(he)102.55倍。1994年(nian)以來(lai)，建寧(ning)縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府(fu)堅持以市場為導向，因(yin)地(di)制宜地(di)調(diao)整農作物布局(ju)，實(shi)行(xing)稻蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)輪作套作，開展(zhan)科技興蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，致(zhi)力于建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)提純(chun)復壯和(he)優化(hua)栽培、配方施肥，并采取“多種(zhong)穩(wen)(wen)糧(liang)促蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)(de)扶持措施,妥善解(jie)決糧(liang)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)爭地(di)的(de)(de)(de)矛盾，不斷調(diao)整農業(ye)產(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構，使得(de)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)這一(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)統名(ming)貴(gui)特產(chan)得(de)以展(zhan)延蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鄉(xiang)方圓百里，種(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域從解(jie)放(fang)初(chu)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)十幾個村(cun)發展(zhan)到(dao)鄉(xiang)鄉(xiang)、村(cun)村(cun)、戶戶大面(mian)積(ji)種(zhong)植(zhi)，現(xian)年(nian)種(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)穩(wen)(wen)定在(zai)5萬畝左右，年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)均(jun)在(zai)2300噸以上，成(cheng)為福建省最(zui)大的(de)(de)(de)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)出(chu)口(kou)創匯基地(di)、建寧(ning)特色(se)農業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)“金牌”和(he)農民(min)致(zhi)富的(de)(de)(de)支柱產(chan)業(ye)。

種植品種

中(zhong)(zhong)國荷花品(pin)(pin)種有三(san)大類，即藕用蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)、子(zi)用蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)和觀(guan)賞(shang)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)，其中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)為(wei)主的(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)。子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)類中(zhong)(zhong)，著名的(de)有建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)、湘(xiang)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)、湖蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)、贛蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)等。建寧(ning)所種的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)為(wei)子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)，出產的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)為(wei)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)（建寧(ning)通心白蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)）（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)(cheng)建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)）。建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)屬睡蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)科多年(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)水生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)本植物(wu)，系金(jin)鐃山紅花蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)與白花蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)天然雜交種，經建寧(ning)世(shi)代(dai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)農人工栽培(pei)、精心選育保(bao)存(cun)下來(lai)的(de)優良品(pin)(pin)種，歷史上建蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)被譽為(wei)“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)中(zhong)(zhong)極品(pin)(pin)”，歷代(dai)被列入進貢(gong)珍品(pin)(pin)，古(gu)稱(cheng)(cheng)“貢(gong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)”。

品質特征

建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)鮮(xian)果(guo)(guo)百(bai)(bai)(bai)粒重370-—380g，通(tong)心白蓮(lian)(lian)百(bai)(bai)(bai)粒重125g左(zuo)右，百(bai)(bai)(bai)粒芽胚重4g。根據分析，一(yi)百(bai)(bai)(bai)克蓮(lian)(lian)子肉，含(han)蛋白質17g，維生素b1、b2、c共18.4g，胡(hu)蘿卜素17.8g，棉子糖、黃心樹(shu)寧堿和碳水化合物40多g，還含(han)有比較豐富(fu)的(de)(de)鈣、磷(lin)、鐵等人(ren)體必(bi)需的(de)(de)元素。福建(jian)(jian)省農業科(ke)學院中心實驗室檢測，建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)富(fu)含(han)17種氨(an)(an)(an)(an)基酸，達16.4%，其微量(liang)元素比一(yi)般蓮(lian)(lian)子高出(chu)2-3倍。1987年科(ke)學出(chu)版(ban)社出(chu)版(ban)，中國科(ke)學院武漢植物的(de)(de)國內第一(yi)部《中國蓮(lian)(lian)》專著(zhu)中，建(jian)(jian)寧紅花(hua)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)為(wei)優質子蓮(lian)(lian)，營養成份分析儀(yi)測定(ding)結果(guo)(guo)：淀粉含(han)量(liang)42.8%,總糖含(han)量(liang)17%，還原糖含(han)量(liang)1.2%，蛋白質含(han)量(liang)19.56%,含(han)油量(liang)2%；含(han)天冬氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、蘇(su)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、絲(si)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、谷(gu)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、甘氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、丙氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、酪氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、苯丙氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、賴(lai)氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、組氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、精氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸、脯氨(an)(an)(an)(an)酸等15種總含(han)量(liang)15.79%。

藥用功效

建蓮用途廣泛，渾身是寶(bao)，具有(you)補(bu)脾、養(yang)(yang)心益腎、壯陽(yang)、固精等(deng)攻效(xiao)，主治脾虛泄瀉、多夢遺精，崩(beng)帶(dai)漏下等(deng)癥，是極好的(de)養(yang)(yang)心安(an)神(shen)高級(ji)滋補(bu)品，一向馳名中(zhong)(zhong)外，為歷屆廣交會熱門貨，此外，蓮葉、蓮梗也是清(qing)暑(shu)解熱的(de)常用中(zhong)(zhong)藥，蓮花、蓮房、蓮芯、蓮須均可入藥。明代(dai)李時(shi)珍在《本草綱目(mu)》中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)蓮的(de)通身藥用價(jia)值有(you)很高的(de)評(ping)價(jia)。

產地環境

建(jian)(jian)寧位于閩(min)(min)西北(bei)、武夷山脈中(zhong)段，地處東經116°30′18″-117°03′49″，北(bei)緯26°32′23″—27°06′19″，面積1718平方公里。縣境東接泰寧，南鄰明溪、寧化(hua)，西北(bei)與江西的(de)廣昌、南豐、黎(li)川三縣毗鄰，是(shi)由閩(min)(min)入贛的(de)主要(yao)門戶(hu)之一，是(shi)福(fu)建(jian)(jian)母(mu)親河閩(min)(min)江的(de)正源頭。

建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)品質(zhi)卓異，源以得天獨(du)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然環境、傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)技術和(he)精細的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工技藝。建(jian)寧(ning)縣志云：建(jian)寧(ning)秀山麗(li)水(shui)，玉潤流馨，季泉(quan)道道，十里(li)蒸菖，極為旖旎。尤以西(xi)門蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)土(tu)條件為優越。建(jian)寧(ning)地(di)處(chu)武夷山脈中(zhong)段，全境西(xi)北(bei)低、東(dong)南高(gao)，形成向西(xi)北(bei)傾斜的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)海拔“鍋底”，日(ri)夜溫(wen)差大(da)，利(li)于蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)結(jie)實；縣境內地(di)質(zhi)礦帶多(duo)(duo)含(han)稀土(tu)元素(su)(su)、鉀長石等，利(li)于蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)光合作用，積累養分(fen)(fen)；且(qie)森林茂密，地(di)下水(shui)位高(gao)，泉(quan)水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)清潔，故建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)品質(zhi)優良。精心(xin)栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)、適時采取，精細加工，也是(shi)建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)質(zhi)地(di)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)因素(su)(su)。建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)絕大(da)多(duo)(duo)數在(zai)水(shui)田栽(zai)(zai)培(pei)，也有利(li)用池塘(tang)栽(zai)(zai)種，均(jun)以采收蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)為主要(yao)(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)。每年春分(fen)(fen)后(hou)栽(zai)(zai)種藕苗，七月下旬蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)成熟(shu)，七至(zhi)九月分(fen)(fen)批采收加工，到秋分(fen)(fen)采收結(jie)束(shu)，共可采17道。采摘蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)晴天清晨太陽未(wei)照射(she)之(zhi)前(qian)，采收的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)要(yao)(yao)當(dang)天加工，先去掉蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)蓬，破開蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)殼，剝(bo)去蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)膜，用竹簽捅去蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)心(xin)，接著用專用的(de)(de)(de)(de)烤籠加炭火焙(bei)烤，這幾(ji)道工序，要(yao)(yao)在(zai)幾(ji)十秒內完成。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)農說(shuo)：“做蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)如繡(xiu)花，手(shou)上功夫大(da)”。稍有疏忽就會減損(sun)色澤的(de)(de)(de)(de)潔白(bai)，加工好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)則用有內套的(de)(de)(de)(de)紡(fang)織或鐵皮箱盛好(hao)，不與(yu)異味的(de)(de)(de)(de)食品并貯，以保(bao)持其味之(zhi)清香。