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歷史淵源

作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)地方傳統特(te)產(chan)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)歷史悠久，五代梁龍德初（公(gong)元921年），金鐃山報國寺前已(yi)有(you)(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)(chi)（為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧八(ba)景之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)）。清代，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已(yi)名聞遐(xia)邇(er)。尤以產(chan)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)門(men)外(wai)池(chi)(chi)的(de)“西(xi)(xi)門(men)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)品，自古(gu)屬(shu)朝廷貢蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。據(ju)民國《建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧縣志》載(zai)：“西(xi)(xi)門(men)外(wai)池(chi)(chi)，一(yi)(yi)百口，種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。池(chi)(chi)旁(pang)遍植桃李，春夏花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時，游(you)人絡繹(yi)不絕。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子歲產(chan)約千(qian)斤(jin)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吾國第(di)一(yi)(yi)。”“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)(xie)偶(ou)(ou)生相連曰蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。嫩(nen)極鮮，老則為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)干。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子入(ru)藥補脾。邑種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多處，以西(xi)(xi)門(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)最上(shang)品，水(shui)(shui)(shui)南(nan)次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)東又次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。然(ran)較(jiao)他邑產(chan)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)，均有(you)(you)(you)天淵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)判。”陸機詩(shi)疏云：“其(qi)莖(jing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)荷(he)。其(qi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)未發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)菡萏，已(yi)發為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)芙蕖。其(qi)實蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皮(pi)青里白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，其(qi)子菂(di)，菂(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)殼青肉白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，菂(di)內青心為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)苦薏(yi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)(xie)常偶(ou)(ou)生，不偶(ou)(ou)不生，故根曰藕(ou)(ou)。節生二莖(jing)，一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)藕(ou)(ou)荷(he)，其(qi)葉(xie)(xie)貼水(shui)(shui)(shui)，其(qi)下旁(pang)行生藕(ou)(ou)也(ye)(ye)；一(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)芰荷(he)，其(qi)葉(xie)(xie)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)，其(qi)旁(pang)莖(jing)生花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也(ye)(ye)。其(qi)葉(xie)(xie)清明后(hou)生，五六月開(kai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)、粉紅(hong)(hong)三(san)色。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)心有(you)(you)(you)黃須，蕊長寸余(yu)，須內即(ji)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)(ye)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)褪蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)房成(cheng)菂(di)，菂(di)在(zai)(zai)房如蜂在(zai)(zai)窠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀。六七月采嫩(nen)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)生食(shi)，脆美。至秋，房枯子黑(hei)，其(qi)堅(jian)如石(shi)(shi)，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石(shi)(shi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子。八(ba)九月收(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，去黑(hei)殼，謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)肉。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)盡(jin)，握(wo)藕(ou)(ou)食(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，藕(ou)(ou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)有(you)(you)(you)孔、有(you)(you)(you)絲，大(da)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)如臂。紅(hong)(hong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)多藕(ou)(ou)劣，白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)少藕(ou)(ou)佳。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)香，紅(hong)(hong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)艷。千(qian)葉(xie)(xie)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不結子。”在(zai)(zai)南(nan)鄉(xiang)長吉保(bao)有(you)(you)(you)“蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)池(chi)(chi)”。志載(zai)“池(chi)(chi)廣十余(yu)畝(mu)，盡(jin)種(zhong)荷(he)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)開(kai)時紅(hong)(hong)英碧(bi)葉(xie)(xie)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)光(guang)掩映，香風撲鼻(bi)，最為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勝境。”在(zai)(zai)東鄉(xiang)（現溪源鄉(xiang)）有(you)(you)(you)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)塘峰的(de)地名，“峰下有(you)(you)(you)仙舍，相傳僧人早在(zai)(zai)“天池(chi)(chi)”種(zhong)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)十余(yu)畝(mu)而得名。”1989年版(ban)《辭海》上(shang)冊1322頁將(jiang)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”列為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧名貴特(te)產(chan)。我(wo)國古(gu)代名著(zhu)《紅(hong)(hong)樓夢(meng)》第(di)10回(hui)和第(di)52回(hui)關于(yu)“建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”亦有(you)(you)(you)記(ji)敘。建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)自產(chan)出便為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷貴人們喜愛(ai)，于(yu)是，建(jian)(jian)(jian)寧優(you)質白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)也(ye)(ye)一(yi)(yi)直是貢品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。“建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”外(wai)觀粒大(da)飽滿(man)，圓潤(run)潔白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)，色如凝脂，具有(you)(you)(you)稍(shao)燉即(ji)熟，久煮不散(san)，湯汁清甜，香醇爽口，營養(yang)豐富的(de)特(te)點(dian)，放入(ru)剛(gang)沖開(kai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)保(bao)溫瓶中，半小時就熟。民間一(yi)(yi)向把建(jian)(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)名貴的(de)滋補品，深(shen)受(shou)人們珍愛(ai)。

生產情況

新中國成立以(yi)前(qian)，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子種植面(mian)積很小，產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)也很低(di)，到解(jie)(jie)放前(qian)夕(xi)，已瀕于絕種狀態。解(jie)(jie)放后，黨(dang)和(he)政府對(dui)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)極為(wei)重視，建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)得(de)(de)到迅(xun)速恢復。但在十(shi)年(nian)浩劫的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化大革命時期，蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)花仙子也難逃厄運，被摧殘得(de)(de)奄奄一息，1972年(nian)全縣(xian)(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)只有22擔，不(bu)到1950年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)一。黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)一屆三中全會如(ru)春風化雨，建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)機(ji)勃發，1980年(nian)全縣(xian)(xian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)子面(mian)積由民國33年(nian)（1944）的(de)(de)(de)(de)285畝增至(zhi)2311畝，1985年(nian)擴(kuo)大到53077畝，總產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)196.28萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤，創歷(li)史最高紀錄(lu)，面(mian)積分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)1950年(nian)、1978年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)226.38倍(bei)和(he)102.55倍(bei)。1994年(nian)以(yi)來，建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)縣(xian)(xian)委、縣(xian)(xian)政府堅持以(yi)市(shi)場(chang)為(wei)導向，因(yin)地(di)制宜地(di)調(diao)整農作物布局，實(shi)行(xing)稻(dao)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)輪作套(tao)作，開(kai)展科技興(xing)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)，致(zhi)力于建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)提純復壯(zhuang)和(he)優化栽培(pei)、配(pei)方施肥，并采取“多種穩(wen)糧促(cu)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)扶持措施,妥善解(jie)(jie)決糧蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)爭地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾，不(bu)斷調(diao)整農業產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業結構(gou)，使得(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)這一傳統名貴特產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)得(de)(de)以(yi)展延(yan)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鄉(xiang)方圓百里，種植區域從解(jie)(jie)放初期的(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)幾個村(cun)發展到鄉(xiang)鄉(xiang)、村(cun)村(cun)、戶(hu)戶(hu)大面(mian)積種植，現年(nian)種植面(mian)積穩(wen)定在5萬(wan)(wan)畝左右，年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)均在2300噸(dun)以(yi)上，成為(wei)福建(jian)(jian)省最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出口(kou)創匯(hui)基(ji)地(di)、建(jian)(jian)寧(ning)特色農業的(de)(de)(de)(de)“金牌”和(he)農民致(zhi)富的(de)(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)柱產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業。

種植品種

中國荷(he)花(hua)(hua)品(pin)(pin)種有三大類(lei)，即藕用蓮(lian)(lian)、子(zi)用蓮(lian)(lian)和觀賞蓮(lian)(lian)，其(qi)中以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產蓮(lian)(lian)子(zi)為(wei)主的(de)稱子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)。子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)類(lei)中，著名的(de)有建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)、湘蓮(lian)(lian)、湖(hu)蓮(lian)(lian)、贛蓮(lian)(lian)等。建(jian)(jian)寧所(suo)種的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)為(wei)子(zi)蓮(lian)(lian)，出產的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)子(zi)為(wei)建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)（建(jian)(jian)寧通心白蓮(lian)(lian)）（以(yi)下簡稱建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)）。建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)屬睡蓮(lian)(lian)科多年生(sheng)(sheng)水生(sheng)(sheng)草本植物，系金(jin)鐃山紅花(hua)(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)與白花(hua)(hua)蓮(lian)(lian)的(de)天然雜(za)交(jiao)種，經建(jian)(jian)寧世代蓮(lian)(lian)農人(ren)工栽(zai)培、精心選育(yu)保存下來的(de)優良(liang)品(pin)(pin)種，歷史上建(jian)(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)被譽為(wei)“蓮(lian)(lian)中極(ji)品(pin)(pin)”，歷代被列入進貢(gong)珍品(pin)(pin)，古稱“貢(gong)蓮(lian)(lian)”。

品質特征

建(jian)蓮鮮果百(bai)粒重(zhong)370-—380g，通(tong)心(xin)(xin)白蓮百(bai)粒重(zhong)125g左右，百(bai)粒芽胚(pei)重(zhong)4g。根據分(fen)析(xi)，一百(bai)克(ke)蓮子(zi)(zi)肉，含蛋白質(zhi)17g，維生素(su)b1、b2、c共18.4g，胡蘿卜(bu)素(su)17.8g，棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)糖(tang)(tang)、黃心(xin)(xin)樹寧(ning)堿(jian)和(he)碳(tan)水化合物(wu)40多g，還含有(you)比較豐(feng)富的鈣、磷、鐵等(deng)人(ren)體(ti)必需的元素(su)。福建(jian)省農(nong)業科學(xue)院中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)實驗室檢測(ce)，建(jian)蓮富含17種氨(an)基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)，達16.4%，其(qi)微量元素(su)比一般蓮子(zi)(zi)高出(chu)2-3倍。1987年科學(xue)出(chu)版社出(chu)版，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)科學(xue)院武漢(han)植物(wu)的國(guo)(guo)內第一部《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)蓮》專著(zhu)中(zhong)，建(jian)寧(ning)紅花建(jian)蓮為優質(zhi)子(zi)(zi)蓮，營養成(cheng)份分(fen)析(xi)儀測(ce)定結果：淀粉含量42.8%,總(zong)糖(tang)(tang)含量17%，還原(yuan)糖(tang)(tang)含量1.2%，蛋白質(zhi)含量19.56%,含油(you)量2%；含天冬氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、蘇氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、絲氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、谷氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、甘氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、丙氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、酪氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、苯丙氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、賴氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、組氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、精氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)、脯氨(an)酸(suan)(suan)等(deng)15種總(zong)含量15.79%。

藥用功效

建蓮(lian)用途(tu)廣(guang)泛，渾身是寶(bao)，具有補脾(pi)、養(yang)心(xin)益(yi)腎(shen)、壯(zhuang)陽、固精(jing)等(deng)攻效，主治脾(pi)虛泄瀉、多夢(meng)遺精(jing)，崩(beng)帶漏下等(deng)癥，是極好的(de)(de)養(yang)心(xin)安神高(gao)級滋補品，一向馳名中外(wai)，為歷屆廣(guang)交會熱門(men)貨，此外(wai)，蓮(lian)葉(xie)、蓮(lian)梗(geng)也是清暑(shu)解(jie)熱的(de)(de)常用中藥(yao)，蓮(lian)花、蓮(lian)房、蓮(lian)芯、蓮(lian)須均可入藥(yao)。明(ming)代(dai)李時珍在《本草綱目》中對(dui)蓮(lian)的(de)(de)通身藥(yao)用價(jia)值有很高(gao)的(de)(de)評(ping)價(jia)。

產地環境

建寧(ning)位(wei)于(yu)閩西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)、武夷山脈中段，地處東經116°30′18″-117°03′49″，北(bei)(bei)緯26°32′23″—27°06′19″，面(mian)積1718平方公里(li)。縣境東接泰寧(ning)，南(nan)鄰(lin)明溪、寧(ning)化(hua)，西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)與江西(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)廣昌、南(nan)豐、黎(li)川(chuan)三縣毗鄰(lin)，是(shi)由閩入贛的(de)(de)主要門戶(hu)之一，是(shi)福建母親(qin)河閩江的(de)(de)正(zheng)源頭(tou)。

建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)卓異(yi)，源以(yi)得天(tian)(tian)獨厚的(de)自然環(huan)境、傳統的(de)栽培技術和精(jing)(jing)細(xi)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)技藝(yi)。建(jian)寧(ning)(ning)縣志云(yun)：建(jian)寧(ning)(ning)秀(xiu)山麗水(shui)(shui)，玉(yu)潤(run)流馨，季泉道(dao)道(dao)，十里蒸菖，極(ji)為(wei)旖(yi)旎。尤以(yi)西(xi)門(men)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)水(shui)(shui)土條(tiao)件為(wei)優(you)越。建(jian)寧(ning)(ning)地(di)(di)處(chu)武夷山脈(mo)中段，全境西(xi)北低、東南高(gao)，形(xing)成向西(xi)北傾斜的(de)高(gao)海拔(ba)“鍋底”，日(ri)夜溫差大(da)，利(li)于蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)結實；縣境內(nei)地(di)(di)質(zhi)礦帶多含稀土元素(su)、鉀(jia)長石等，利(li)于蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)光合(he)作用(yong)，積累養分；且森林茂密，地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位高(gao)，泉水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)清(qing)潔，故(gu)建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)優(you)良。精(jing)(jing)心(xin)栽培、適時(shi)采(cai)(cai)取，精(jing)(jing)細(xi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)，也(ye)是建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)質(zhi)地(di)(di)優(you)良的(de)重要(yao)因素(su)。建(jian)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)絕大(da)多數(shu)在水(shui)(shui)田栽培，也(ye)有(you)利(li)用(yong)池(chi)塘栽種(zhong)，均以(yi)采(cai)(cai)收蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)為(wei)主要(yao)目的(de)。每(mei)年春分后栽種(zhong)藕苗，七(qi)月下(xia)旬蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成熟(shu)，七(qi)至九月分批采(cai)(cai)收加(jia)工(gong)(gong)，到秋分采(cai)(cai)收結束，共可采(cai)(cai)17道(dao)。采(cai)(cai)摘蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)要(yao)在晴(qing)天(tian)(tian)清(qing)晨太(tai)陽未照射(she)之前，采(cai)(cai)收的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)要(yao)當天(tian)(tian)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)，先去掉(diao)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)蓬，破開(kai)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)殼，剝去蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)膜，用(yong)竹(zhu)簽捅(tong)去蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)心(xin)，接著用(yong)專用(yong)的(de)烤籠加(jia)炭火焙烤，這幾道(dao)工(gong)(gong)序，要(yao)在幾十秒內(nei)完成。蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)農說：“做(zuo)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)如繡(xiu)花，手(shou)上功(gong)夫大(da)”。稍有(you)疏忽就會減損色澤的(de)潔白(bai)，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)好(hao)的(de)蓮(lian)(lian)(lian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)則用(yong)有(you)內(nei)套的(de)紡織或鐵皮箱盛(sheng)好(hao)，不與異(yi)味的(de)食品(pin)(pin)并貯，以(yi)保持其味之清(qing)香。