一、產地環境
(1)地(di)貌和土(tu)壤情況
神池縣(xian)地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)黃土(tu)丘(qiu)陵(ling)區,山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)起伏、溝(gou)壑縱(zong)橫,平均(jun)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔在1500米(mi)(海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔范圍1200—2500米(mi)),洪濤山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)自西北(bei)向(xiang)東南延伸,關涔山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)縱(zong)立南沿(yan),兩大山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)形成中(zhong)部小塊緩坡(po)平地(di)(di)(di),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)總(zong)(zong)的地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)特(te)(te)點是(shi)平川少(shao),山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)丘(qiu)陵(ling)多(占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)國土(tu)面積的88%),地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)復雜。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)可耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)面積84.69萬畝(mu),人均(jun)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)近10畝(mu),全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類(lei)型分為四個(ge)土(tu)類(lei)(棕壤(rang)(rang)、栗褐土(tu)、風砂土(tu)、潮土(tu)),主要(yao)(yao)土(tu)類(lei)為栗褐土(tu),占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面積的98.08%,分布于海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔1600—2000米(mi)的中(zhong)低(di)山(shan)(shan)和丘(qiu)陵(ling)地(di)(di)(di)區;棕壤(rang)(rang)占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面積的0.3%,主要(yao)(yao)分布在海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔2300米(mi)以(yi)上的山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)上部,風砂土(tu)占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面積的1.23%,主要(yao)(yao)分布在西部平川局部地(di)(di)(di)區,潮土(tu)占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)面積的0.39%,主要(yao)(yao)分布在縣(xian)川河(he)源頭和海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)拔1500米(mi)左右(you)的山(shan)(shan)澗交(jiao)接洼(wa)地(di)(di)(di)。按全(quan)(quan)國第二次土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查,神池土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總(zong)(zong)的特(te)(te)點是(shi)“缺磷(lin)少(shao)氮(dan)鉀(jia)有(you)余”,全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)養份狀況(kuang)是(shi)有(you)機質6.6-8.5g/kg、全(quan)(quan)氮(dan)0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)效磷(lin)3-5mg/kg、速效鉀(jia)100mg/kg以(yi)上,屬三級以(yi)上耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di),非(fei)常(chang)適宜莜麥生長。
(2)水文情況
全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)有四(si)條大(da)(da)的季(ji)節性河(he)(he)(he)(he)流,朱家(jia)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)全長60.6公里(li),由本縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)賀職鄉出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)五寨、保德(de)入黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he),流域(yu)面積(ji)784平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公里(li);縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)全長35.5公里(li),由本縣(xian)(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)北長畛(zhen)鄉出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)偏(pian)關、保德(de)入黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)(he),流域(yu)面積(ji)528平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公里(li);野豬(zhu)口河(he)(he)(he)(he)全長25公里(li),由本鄉石(shi)湖村(cun)出境(jing)(jing)入平(ping)(ping)(ping)魯(lu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian),流域(yu)面積(ji)89平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公里(li);澗(jian)口河(he)(he)(he)(he)在境(jing)(jing)內東部(bu),全長5公里(li),由龍泉鎮大(da)(da)溝兒澗(jian)出境(jing)(jing),經(jing)寧武(wu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)入恢河(he)(he)(he)(he),最(zui)后流入桑干河(he)(he)(he)(he),流域(yu)面積(ji)71平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公里(li)。四(si)條季(ji)節性河(he)(he)(he)(he)流,徑(jing)流多(duo)集(ji)中(zhong)在雨季(ji),7、8、9三(san)個月的洪水(shui)流量占到(dao)全年(nian)徑(jing)流量的70%,各河(he)(he)(he)(he)流總洪水(shui)量大(da)(da)1.15米(mi)3/秒,因為(wei)(wei)是季(ji)節性河(he)(he)(he)(he)流,所以夏季(ji)出現洪水(shui)高峰,河(he)(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)洪水(shui)濤(tao)(tao)濤(tao)(tao),當地(di)農民形象地(di)概括為(wei)(wei)“有雨山洪發,雨過(guo)河(he)(he)(he)(he)床(chuang)干”。神池縣(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)資源十分貧乏,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地(di)下水(shui)靜儲量為(wei)(wei)6.16億噸(dun),動儲量為(wei)(wei)5.9萬噸(dun)/晝夜,含水(shui)層埋深在2.5-144.92米(mi)左右,且分布不均,多(duo)集(ji)中(zhong)于朱家(jia)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)和縣(xian)(xian)(xian)川(chuan)(chuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)(he)(he)流域(yu),適(shi)合莜麥生長。
(3)氣候情況
神池縣(xian)屬大陸季風(feng)氣(qi)候,干旱、高(gao)寒、溫(wen)差大、無霜(shuang)(shuang)期短(duan),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)4.7℃,平(ping)均(jun)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期114天,平(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量487.7毫米,主(zhu)要集(ji)中在7—9月份,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)蒸(zheng)發量1921.1毫米,全年(nian)光(guang)照(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)為2816.7小(xiao)時(shi),年(nian)太陽總輻射量144.03千(qian)卡/厘米,≥10℃的(de)總積溫(wen)為2300-2600℃,氣(qi)候以風(feng)大、低溫(wen)、降(jiang)水(shui)變率(lv)大,春旱年(nian)份多,無霜(shuang)(shuang)期短(duan)為主(zhu)要特(te)點(dian),總之(zhi)氣(qi)候涼爽、降(jiang)雨集(ji)中、西(xi)北風(feng)長年(nian)不斷(duan)、光(guang)照(zhao)充足、晝夜(ye)溫(wen)差大這樣的(de)氣(qi)候條件正好符合莜麥的(de)生產(chan)發育(yu)。
二、歷史沿革
“哥(ge)哥(ge)在山坡上嘶(si)嘍!嘶(si)嘍!割莜麥(mai),小妹妹在溝洼里圪嘣!圪嘣!掏(tao)山藥(呀么(me))親親”這(zhe)是神池(chi)民歌《割莜麥(mai)》中(zhong)短(duan)(duan)短(duan)(duan)的(de)兩句唱詞,至今給人(ren)們留下(xia)很(hen)深的(de)印(yin)象,不僅突出了地方(fang)語(yu)言特(te)色,而且(qie)生動(dong)地再現了勞動(dong)時的(de)情景。
在我國浩瀚的史籍中,經常可以看到關于莜(you)麥(mai)的記(ji)(ji)載,《穆天子傳》稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“焚麥(mai)”,《皇帝內經》稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“珈(jia)師”,《史記(ji)(ji)、司馬(ma)相(xiang)如列(lie)傳》稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“斯”《稗海博志》上(shang)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“燕麥(mai)”,《廣志》稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“折草(cao)(cao)”,唐代(dai)《本草(cao)(cao)》上(shang)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“穱麥(mai)”,《群芳普》稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“牛星草(cao)(cao)”,“杜志草(cao)(cao)”,《庶物異名》稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“錯(cuo)麥(mai)”,《甘肅通志》稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“苜(mu)麥(mai)”。而(er)《瑟榭叢談(tan)》又記(ji)(ji)作(zuo)“油麥(mai)”,“形(xing)似小麥(mai)而(er)弱,味墻微(wei)苦(ku),核之(zhi)本草(cao)(cao),當即燕麥(mai)”,等(deng)等(deng)。到了近代(dai),多數(shu)地方才統一叫成“莜(you)麥(mai)”。至今(jin)仍有很多種叫法,東北地區叫“鈴鐺麥(mai)”,西北地區叫“玉麥(mai)”,維(wei)吾爾族稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“阿富漢”或“蘇魯”,彝族稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“堵”。
歷史上,神池(chi)的莜麥種(zhong)植面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)和區域(yu)要比現在(zai)大的很多。據《山西省統(tong)計年(nian)(nian)編》記載(zai):民國二十四年(nian)(nian)(1935),神池(chi)莜麥種(zhong)植面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)36.2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu),占到(dao)(dao)(dao)糧(liang)食作物(wu)總(zong)播(bo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)63.56萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)的56.9%,總(zong)產(chan)130.32萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤。建國后的統(tong)計數據顯示,1949年(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)1970年(nian)(nian),神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)的莜麥播(bo)種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)一直穩定在(zai)25萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)左右,最(zui)高(gao)年(nian)(nian)1964年(nian)(nian)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)27.53萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。1971年(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)20年(nian)(nian)中,播(bo)種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)盡管有所減(jian)少,但(dan)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)15萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)以(yi)上的就(jiu)有15個(ge)年(nian)(nian)度,最(zui)低年(nian)(nian)1990年(nian)(nian)13.72萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。1991年(nian)(nian)到(dao)(dao)(dao)2004年(nian)(nian)由于新興高(gao)產(chan)作物(wu)的倡導(dao)和價值規律的引導(dao),使其種(zhong)植區域(yu)和面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)繼續(xu)縮小(xiao),2004年(nian)(nian)降到(dao)(dao)(dao)35100畝(mu)。2003年(nian)(nian)省政府為(wei)了(le)進一步推(tui)進農(nong)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)戰略性調(diao)整,優化(hua)農(nong)業(ye)區域(yu)布局,建設優質(zhi)小(xiao)雜糧(liang)產(chan)區,把(ba)神池(chi)縣(xian)(xian)列為(wei)重(zhong)點縣(xian)(xian)開(kai)始(shi),全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)莜麥播(bo)種(zhong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)又(you)逐年(nian)(nian)回(hui)升,到(dao)(dao)(dao)2010年(nian)(nian)全(quan)縣(xian)(xian)莜麥面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)達(da)到(dao)(dao)(dao)11.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)。
特殊的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理環境孕育了特殊的(de)(de)(de)作物。神池(chi)(chi)出(chu)產的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)就認神池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui),出(chu)了神池(chi)(chi),哪里的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)都不行。神池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)和出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)是韌(ren)韌(ren)的(de)(de)(de),別處的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)和出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)是懶懶的(de)(de)(de);神池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)蒸出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)是筋筋的(de)(de)(de),別處的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)蒸出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)是垮(kua)垮(kua)的(de)(de)(de)。
過去,神(shen)池(chi)的農民(min)求師學藝,要(yao)(yao)先學做(zuo)莜(you)(you)面(mian)的技術(shu),新(xin)媳婦在婆(po)家第一(yi)次(ci)上(shang)(shang)鍋(guo),要(yao)(yao)在做(zuo)莜(you)(you)面(mian)飯(fan)上(shang)(shang)露一(yi)手;新(xin)女婿春節后(hou)登門(men),要(yao)(yao)吃有十(shi)種花(hua)樣的莜(you)(you)面(mian)飯(fan)。神(shen)池(chi)人(ren)能(neng)把莜(you)(you)面(mian)在石板上(shang)(shang)推成薄(bo)如(ru)紙的“刨花(hua)兒(er)”;能(neng)一(yi)次(ci)搓(cuo)出(chu)五根纖細的而數尺不斷的“圪爵兒(er)”;能(neng)如(ru)飛般捏出(chu)滿籠“山藥絲餃子”;能(neng)在幾分鐘內做(zuo)熟“餽壘(lei)”,攪好(hao)(hao)“拿糕”。莜(you)(you)面(mian)飯(fan),或(huo)澆胡油,蔥花(hua)兒(er),酸(suan)菜湯(tang);或(huo)加辣椒,羊肉湯(tang),都(dou)是神(shen)池(chi)農民(min)絕(jue)佳的美餐。莜(you)(you)面(mian)耐饑(ji)耐寒(han),干體力和出(chu)遠門(men)的人(ren),要(yao)(yao)吃莜(you)(you)面(mian)飯(fan),俗話說(shuo):“四十(shi)里的莜(you)(you)面(mian)三(san)十(shi)里的糕,二十(shi)里的玉米窩窩餓(e)斷腰”。但是絕(jue)不能(neng)吃的過飽,以防(fang)后(hou)脹(zhang)。常說(shuo)“莜(you)(you)面(mian)吃個半飽飽,喝(he)點母水正好(hao)(hao)好(hao)(hao)”。
神池(chi)縣(xian)盡管建縣(xian)不足300年,但因莜(you)麥(mai)而(er)久負盛名(ming)。建國后的莜(you)麥(mai)生產又有過(guo)(guo)輝(hui)煌,1977年11月曾在神池(chi)召開(kai)過(guo)(guo)華北地區莜(you)麥(mai)生產協作會議。
神池當(dang)地的傳統農家 莜麥“三(san)分(fen)三(san)”品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)至今(jin)聞名(ming)中(zhong)外,自成體系(xi),莖(jing)桿粗壯,根系(xi)發達,分(fen)糵(nie)力強,穗型長大,粒大飽(bao)滿,磨出(chu)的面白,做出(chu)的飯味美、耐饑,一直是當(dang)地的當(dang)家品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。1987年,經山西省農作物(wu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)審定委員(yuan)會認可,在全省推廣種(zhong)(zhong)植,。該品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)曾被好幾家科研單位作為原始材(cai)料,雜交(jiao)選(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)出(chu)不少優良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。僅我省就(jiu)有(you)晉燕3號、晉燕4號、晉燕6號,雁紅(hong)10號,雁紅(hong)14號等優良品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)都是以“三(san)分(fen)三(san)”作母本(ben)或(huo)父本(ben),雜交(jiao)選(xuan)(xuan)育(yu)而成的。
三、品質特點
(1)外在感觀特征:
神(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)籽粒(li)(li)呈紡錘型,有腹溝,長0.8—1.3cm,寬0.2—0.4cm,干(gan)粒(li)(li)重31—33.5g,比異地種植的同(tong)品質籽粒(li)(li)長0.2—0.4cm,寬0.1—0.15cm,干(gan)粒(li)(li)重高3—4g;神(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)籽粒(li)(li)白黃色,與異地同(tong)品種比較,神(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)黃度較深;神(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)籽粒(li)(li)整齊(qi)且飽滿,出粉率高達97%,而異地莜(you)(you)麥(mai)出粉率最高95%。神(shen)(shen)池(chi)(chi)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)加工的面粉白黃色,黃度大(da)于異地,筋度高,粘性差,口感(gan)好(hao),吃水多,耐(nai)寒耐(nai)饑。
(2)內在品質特征:
神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)營養(yang)豐富(fu),在同類作物中蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)最(zui)高(gao),蛋(dan)白(bai)質(zhi)高(gao)于(yu)14.9%,神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)籽粒整齊且飽滿,出粉(fen)率達96%以上(shang)(shang),而異地莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)出粉(fen)率達94%以上(shang)(shang),神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)含(han)(han)(han)水分低于(yu)5.02%以下,脂肪約(yue)6.8%,含(han)(han)(han)淀粉(fen)約(yue)41.1%,總膳食纖維高(gao)于(yu)13.98。同時含(han)(han)(han)有人體必需的8種氨基酸(suan),其組成也較平衡,賴氨酸(suan)含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)最(zui)高(gao),神池莜(you)面吃(chi)水量(liang)大,0.5公(gong)斤莜(you)面可做1公(gong)斤成品(pin)。