一、產地環境
(1)地貌和土壤情況
神池(chi)縣(xian)地(di)處黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)丘(qiu)陵區,山(shan)丘(qiu)起伏、溝(gou)壑縱橫,平均海(hai)拔在(zai)(zai)1500米(mi)(海(hai)拔范(fan)圍1200—2500米(mi)),洪濤(tao)山(shan)脈(mo)(mo)自(zi)西北向東南(nan)延(yan)伸,關(guan)涔山(shan)脈(mo)(mo)縱立(li)南(nan)沿,兩大山(shan)脈(mo)(mo)形成中部(bu)小塊緩坡平地(di),全縣(xian)總的(de)(de)(de)地(di)貌特點(dian)是平川少,山(shan)地(di)丘(qiu)陵多(占全縣(xian)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)88%),地(di)形地(di)貌復雜。全縣(xian)可(ke)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)84.69萬畝,人均耕(geng)(geng)地(di)近10畝,全縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤類型分為(wei)四個土(tu)(tu)(tu)類(棕壤、栗褐土(tu)(tu)(tu)、風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)),主要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)類為(wei)栗褐土(tu)(tu)(tu),占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)98.08%,分布(bu)于海(hai)拔1600—2000米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)中低山(shan)和丘(qiu)陵地(di)區;棕壤占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.3%,主要(yao)分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)海(hai)拔2300米(mi)以上的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)地(di)上部(bu),風砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)1.23%,主要(yao)分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)西部(bu)平川局部(bu)地(di)區,潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)0.39%,主要(yao)分布(bu)在(zai)(zai)縣(xian)川河源頭和海(hai)拔1500米(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)澗交接洼地(di)。按全國(guo)第二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤普查(cha),神池(chi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤總的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是“缺磷少氮鉀(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)余”,全縣(xian)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)養份狀況(kuang)是有(you)(you)機質(zhi)6.6-8.5g/kg、全氮0.4-0.5g/kg、有(you)(you)效磷3-5mg/kg、速(su)效鉀(jia)(jia)100mg/kg以上,屬三級以上耕(geng)(geng)地(di),非(fei)常(chang)適宜莜麥生長。
(2)水文情況
全(quan)縣(xian)有四(si)條(tiao)大(da)的(de)季(ji)節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),朱家(jia)川河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)長60.6公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)本(ben)縣(xian)西(xi)部(bu)賀職(zhi)鄉(xiang)出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經(jing)五寨、保德入(ru)黃河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)784平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);縣(xian)川河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)長35.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)本(ben)縣(xian)西(xi)北長畛鄉(xiang)出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經(jing)偏關、保德入(ru)黃河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)528平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);野豬(zhu)口(kou)河(he)(he)(he)全(quan)長25公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)本(ben)鄉(xiang)石湖村(cun)出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing)入(ru)平(ping)(ping)(ping)魯縣(xian),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)89平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li);澗口(kou)河(he)(he)(he)在境(jing)(jing)內東部(bu),全(quan)長5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),由(you)(you)龍泉鎮大(da)溝兒澗出(chu)(chu)境(jing)(jing),經(jing)寧武縣(xian)入(ru)恢河(he)(he)(he),最后流(liu)(liu)入(ru)桑干河(he)(he)(he),流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)面(mian)積(ji)71平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。四(si)條(tiao)季(ji)節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)多集(ji)中(zhong)在雨(yu)季(ji),7、8、9三個(ge)月的(de)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)量占到全(quan)年徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)量的(de)70%,各河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)總洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量大(da)1.15米(mi)3/秒(miao),因為是季(ji)節性(xing)河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu),所以(yi)夏(xia)季(ji)出(chu)(chu)現洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)高峰(feng),河(he)(he)(he)床洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濤濤,當地(di)農民形(xing)象地(di)概括為“有雨(yu)山洪(hong)發,雨(yu)過河(he)(he)(he)床干”。神(shen)池縣(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)十分(fen)貧乏,全(quan)縣(xian)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)靜儲量為6.16億噸,動儲量為5.9萬(wan)噸/晝夜,含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層埋深在2.5-144.92米(mi)左右,且分(fen)布不均,多集(ji)中(zhong)于朱家(jia)川河(he)(he)(he)和縣(xian)川河(he)(he)(he)兩河(he)(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)域(yu)(yu)(yu),適合莜麥生長。
(3)氣候情況
神池縣屬大(da)陸(lu)季(ji)風氣候,干旱(han)、高寒、溫差大(da)、無霜(shuang)(shuang)期短(duan),年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)氣溫4.7℃,平均(jun)(jun)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期114天,平均(jun)(jun)降雨(yu)量487.7毫米,主(zhu)(zhu)要集(ji)(ji)中在7—9月份,年(nian)平均(jun)(jun)蒸發量1921.1毫米,全(quan)年(nian)光(guang)照時數(shu)為2816.7小(xiao)時,年(nian)太陽總輻射(she)量144.03千(qian)卡/厘米,≥10℃的(de)總積溫為2300-2600℃,氣候以風大(da)、低溫、降水(shui)變率大(da),春旱(han)年(nian)份多,無霜(shuang)(shuang)期短(duan)為主(zhu)(zhu)要特點,總之氣候涼爽、降雨(yu)集(ji)(ji)中、西北(bei)風長(chang)年(nian)不斷、光(guang)照充足、晝夜溫差大(da)這樣的(de)氣候條件正好符合莜麥的(de)生產(chan)發育。
二、歷史沿革
“哥哥在山坡上嘶(si)嘍(lou)!嘶(si)嘍(lou)!割莜麥,小(xiao)妹(mei)妹(mei)在溝洼(wa)里圪(ge)嘣(beng)!圪(ge)嘣(beng)!掏山藥(呀么)親(qin)親(qin)”這是神池民歌《割莜麥》中(zhong)短短的兩句(ju)唱詞,至今給人們(men)留(liu)下很深的印象,不僅突出了(le)地方語言特(te)色,而(er)且生動地再現了(le)勞動時(shi)的情景。
在我國浩瀚的史(shi)籍(ji)中,經常可(ke)以看到(dao)關于莜麥(mai)(mai)的記載,《穆天子傳(chuan)》稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“焚麥(mai)(mai)”,《皇帝內(nei)經》稱(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)“珈師”,《史(shi)記、司馬相如列傳(chuan)》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“斯”《稗海博志(zhi)》上稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“燕麥(mai)(mai)”,《廣志(zhi)》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“折草”,唐代(dai)《本草》上稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“穱(jue)麥(mai)(mai)”,《群芳普》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“牛星草”,“杜志(zhi)草”,《庶物異名》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“錯麥(mai)(mai)”,《甘肅通志(zhi)》稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“苜麥(mai)(mai)”。而《瑟榭叢(cong)談(tan)》又(you)記作“油麥(mai)(mai)”,“形似小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)而弱(ruo),味墻微(wei)苦,核之(zhi)本草,當即燕麥(mai)(mai)”,等等。到(dao)了近代(dai),多(duo)數(shu)地方才統(tong)一叫成“莜麥(mai)(mai)”。至今仍有很多(duo)種(zhong)叫法,東北(bei)地區叫“鈴鐺麥(mai)(mai)”,西北(bei)地區叫“玉麥(mai)(mai)”,維吾(wu)爾(er)族(zu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“阿(a)富(fu)漢”或“蘇魯(lu)”,彝(yi)族(zu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“堵”。
歷史(shi)上(shang),神池的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)和區(qu)域要比(bi)現在(zai)大的(de)(de)(de)很多。據《山西省統計年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)編》記(ji)載(zai):民國二十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1935),神池莜(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)36.2萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu),占(zhan)到(dao)糧食(shi)作物總播(bo)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)63.56萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)56.9%,總產130.32萬(wan)公(gong)斤(jin)。建(jian)國后的(de)(de)(de)統計數據顯示,1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),神池縣的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)一直(zhi)穩定在(zai)25萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)左右,最高年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1964年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)達(da)到(dao)27.53萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中,播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)盡管有(you)所減(jian)少,但達(da)到(dao)15萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)就有(you)15個年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du),最低年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)13.72萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到(dao)2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)由于(yu)新興高產作物的(de)(de)(de)倡導和價值規律的(de)(de)(de)引導,使其種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)域和面積(ji)(ji)(ji)繼續縮(suo)小,2004年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降到(dao)35100畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)省政府為了進(jin)一步推進(jin)農(nong)業結構戰略性調整,優(you)化農(nong)業區(qu)域布局,建(jian)設優(you)質小雜糧產區(qu),把神池縣列為重(zhong)點縣開始,全(quan)縣莜(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)又(you)逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)回(hui)升,到(dao)2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)縣莜(you)(you)麥(mai)(mai)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)達(da)到(dao)11.3萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。
特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)地(di)理環(huan)境孕育了特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)作物。神(shen)(shen)池(chi)出(chu)產的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)就(jiu)認(ren)神(shen)(shen)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水,出(chu)了神(shen)(shen)池(chi),哪里的(de)(de)(de)水都不行。神(shen)(shen)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水和出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)韌(ren)(ren)韌(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de),別處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)水和出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)懶懶的(de)(de)(de);神(shen)(shen)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)水蒸出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)筋筋的(de)(de)(de),別處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)水蒸出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)莜(you)(you)(you)面(mian)是(shi)垮(kua)垮(kua)的(de)(de)(de)。
過去,神(shen)(shen)池的(de)(de)農民求(qiu)師學藝(yi),要(yao)(yao)先學做莜(you)面(mian)的(de)(de)技(ji)術,新(xin)媳(xi)婦在(zai)(zai)婆家第(di)一次(ci)上(shang)(shang)鍋,要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)做莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan)上(shang)(shang)露一手;新(xin)女婿春節后登(deng)門,要(yao)(yao)吃(chi)有十(shi)種花(hua)樣(yang)的(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan)。神(shen)(shen)池人能把(ba)莜(you)面(mian)在(zai)(zai)石板上(shang)(shang)推成薄如紙的(de)(de)“刨花(hua)兒”;能一次(ci)搓出五根(gen)纖細的(de)(de)而數尺(chi)不(bu)斷的(de)(de)“圪(ge)爵兒”;能如飛(fei)般捏(nie)出滿籠“山藥(yao)絲餃子”;能在(zai)(zai)幾分(fen)鐘內做熟“餽壘”,攪好(hao)“拿糕”。莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan),或澆(jiao)胡(hu)油(you),蔥花(hua)兒,酸菜湯;或加(jia)辣椒,羊(yang)肉湯,都是(shi)神(shen)(shen)池農民絕佳的(de)(de)美餐(can)。莜(you)面(mian)耐饑耐寒(han),干體力和出遠(yuan)門的(de)(de)人,要(yao)(yao)吃(chi)莜(you)面(mian)飯(fan),俗話(hua)說:“四十(shi)里(li)的(de)(de)莜(you)面(mian)三十(shi)里(li)的(de)(de)糕,二十(shi)里(li)的(de)(de)玉米窩窩餓斷腰(yao)”。但(dan)是(shi)絕不(bu)能吃(chi)的(de)(de)過飽,以防后脹。常(chang)說“莜(you)面(mian)吃(chi)個(ge)半(ban)飽飽,喝點母水正好(hao)好(hao)”。
神池縣盡(jin)管建(jian)縣不足300年,但(dan)因莜麥(mai)(mai)而久負盛(sheng)名。建(jian)國后的莜麥(mai)(mai)生(sheng)產(chan)又有過(guo)輝煌,1977年11月曾(ceng)在神池召開過(guo)華(hua)北(bei)地(di)區莜麥(mai)(mai)生(sheng)產(chan)協(xie)作會議。
神池(chi)當(dang)地的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統農家(jia) 莜麥“三(san)分三(san)”品種(zhong)(zhong)至今聞名中外,自成體系,莖桿(gan)粗壯,根系發達,分糵(nie)力強(qiang),穗型長大(da)(da),粒大(da)(da)飽滿(man),磨出(chu)的(de)(de)面白,做出(chu)的(de)(de)飯味美、耐饑,一直是當(dang)地的(de)(de)當(dang)家(jia)品種(zhong)(zhong)。1987年,經山西(xi)省農作物品種(zhong)(zhong)審(shen)定(ding)委員會認可,在全省推廣種(zhong)(zhong)植,。該品種(zhong)(zhong)曾被好幾(ji)家(jia)科研單(dan)位作為原(yuan)始材料,雜交選(xuan)育(yu)出(chu)不少優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)。僅(jin)我省就有晉(jin)燕(yan)3號(hao)、晉(jin)燕(yan)4號(hao)、晉(jin)燕(yan)6號(hao),雁(yan)紅10號(hao),雁(yan)紅14號(hao)等優(you)良品種(zhong)(zhong)都是以“三(san)分三(san)”作母本(ben)或父本(ben),雜交選(xuan)育(yu)而成的(de)(de)。
三、品質特點
(1)外在感觀(guan)特征:
神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)粒(li)呈紡錘型,有腹溝(gou),長(chang)0.8—1.3cm,寬(kuan)0.2—0.4cm,干粒(li)重31—33.5g,比(bi)(bi)異(yi)地種(zhong)植的(de)同(tong)(tong)品質籽(zi)粒(li)長(chang)0.2—0.4cm,寬(kuan)0.1—0.15cm,干粒(li)重高(gao)3—4g;神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)粒(li)白黃色,與異(yi)地同(tong)(tong)品種(zhong)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao),神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)黃度較(jiao)深;神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)籽(zi)粒(li)整齊且飽滿,出粉(fen)率高(gao)達97%,而異(yi)地莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)出粉(fen)率最高(gao)95%。神池莜(you)麥(mai)(mai)加工的(de)面粉(fen)白黃色,黃度大于異(yi)地,筋度高(gao),粘(zhan)性差,口感(gan)好,吃水多,耐寒耐饑(ji)。
(2)內在品質(zhi)特征:
神池(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥營養豐富,在同類作(zuo)物中(zhong)蛋白(bai)質(zhi)含(han)(han)量最高(gao),蛋白(bai)質(zhi)高(gao)于(yu)14.9%,神池(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥籽(zi)粒整(zheng)齊且飽滿,出(chu)粉(fen)(fen)率(lv)達96%以上,而異地莜(you)麥出(chu)粉(fen)(fen)率(lv)達94%以上,神池(chi)(chi)莜(you)麥含(han)(han)水(shui)分低于(yu)5.02%以下,脂(zhi)肪約(yue)6.8%,含(han)(han)淀(dian)粉(fen)(fen)約(yue)41.1%,總(zong)膳(shan)食纖維(wei)高(gao)于(yu)13.98。同時含(han)(han)有人(ren)體必需的8種氨基(ji)酸,其組成也較平衡(heng),賴氨酸含(han)(han)量最高(gao),神池(chi)(chi)莜(you)面吃水(shui)量大,0.5公斤莜(you)面可做(zuo)1公斤成品(pin)。