一、一體化污水處理設備工藝有哪些
一體化污水處理設備主(zhu)要(yao)是為了(le)實現(xian)對(dui)污水的處理從集(ji)中化走向分散化,從大(da)規模集(ji)中式向中小(xiao)規模分散式的轉變(bian)而發展起來的,具有基(ji)建投資小(xiao)、占地面積小(xiao)、可減少管網的建設等特點(dian),使(shi)用廣泛。一(yi)體化污水處理設備(bei)的工藝(yi)主(zhu)要(yao)有四(si)種(zhong):
1、A/O工藝
A/O工藝是以(yi)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)作為生物載體(ti),通過(guo)(guo)風機供氧曝氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)作用使(shi)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)達(da)到充氧的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。A池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)設(she)機械攪(jiao)(jiao)拌,從(cong)O池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)回(hui)流液(ye)回(hui)流至A池(chi)(chi)(chi),在A池(chi)(chi)(chi)進行(xing)反硝(xiao)化(hua)反應(ying),將大(da)部分(fen)硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)鹽氮(dan)(dan)還原成氮(dan)(dan)氣(qi)(qi),并(bing)通過(guo)(guo)攪(jiao)(jiao)拌使(shi)氮(dan)(dan)氣(qi)(qi)從(cong)廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)溢出(chu),達(da)到去除(chu)氨(an)(an)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de);A池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)至O池(chi)(chi)(chi),O池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)(nei)設(she)鼓(gu)風曝氣(qi)(qi),去除(chu)大(da)部分(fen)有(you)機污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)染物,并(bing)將進水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)大(da)部分(fen)氨(an)(an)氮(dan)(dan)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成硝(xiao)酸(suan)(suan)鹽氮(dan)(dan);可以(yi)根據廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)需要,調整(zheng)O段池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)濃度,通過(guo)(guo)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)菌膠(jiao)團,吸附(fu)、氧化(hua)并(bing)分(fen)解廢(fei)(fei)水(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)有(you)機物;有(you)機物、氨(an)(an)氮(dan)(dan)去除(chu)率(lv)高。然而,由(you)于沒(mei)有(you)獨立(li)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)回(hui)流系統,從(cong)而不(bu)能培養出(chu)具有(you)獨特功能的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni),難(nan)降解物質的(de)(de)降解率(lv)較低;同時,若要提高脫氮(dan)(dan)效(xiao)率(lv),必(bi)須加大(da)內(nei)(nei)循環(huan)比,因而加大(da)了運行(xing)費用。另(ling)外,內(nei)(nei)循環(huan)液(ye)來(lai)自曝氣(qi)(qi)池(chi)(chi)(chi),含有(you)一定的(de)(de)DO,使(shi)A段難(nan)以(yi)保持理想的(de)(de)缺氧狀態,影響反硝(xiao)化(hua)效(xiao)果,脫氮(dan)(dan)率(lv)很難(nan)達(da)到90%。
2、SBR工藝
SBR工藝(yi)(yi)是近(jin)年發展起來(lai)的一(yi)種(zhong)較(jiao)為先進(jin)的活性(xing)污泥(ni)處(chu)理(li)法,該處(chu)理(li)工藝(yi)(yi)集曝(pu)氣(qi)池、沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)池為一(yi)體,連(lian)續(xu)進(jin)水(shui)(shui),間歇曝(pu)氣(qi),停氣(qi)時(shi)污水(shui)(shui)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)撇除上(shang)清(qing)液,成(cheng)為一(yi)個(ge)周期,周而復(fu)始。SBR法不設(she)沉(chen)(chen)淀(dian)池,無污泥(ni)回流設(she)備,但SBR工藝(yi)(yi)為間歇運(yun)行,需設(she)多個(ge)處(chu)理(li)單(dan)元(yuan),進(jin)水(shui)(shui)和(he)曝(pu)氣(qi)相互切換(huan),造成(cheng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)較(jiao)為復(fu)雜。為了保(bao)證溢(yi)流率,SBR工藝(yi)(yi)對潷水(shui)(shui)器設(she)備制(zhi)(zhi)造要(yao)求(qiu)高,制(zhi)(zhi)作時(shi)必須精(jing)益(yi)求(qiu)精(jing),否則極易造成(cheng)最終出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質不達(da)標。目(mu)前國內還(huan)沒有質量較(jiao)好的潷水(shui)(shui)設(she)備,進(jin)口設(she)備采購麻煩,且價格昂貴,同時(shi)后期維修費用也高。SBR工藝(yi)(yi)池內污泥(ni)濃(nong)度(du)由濃(nong)度(du)儀測定以便(bian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)排(pai)出多余污泥(ni)量,目(mu)前國內濃(nong)度(du)儀技術不成(cheng)熟等(deng)原因易造成(cheng)SBR污泥(ni)排(pai)放控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)困(kun)難等(deng)問題。
3、接觸氧化工藝
生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)接觸氧化(hua)(hua)法(fa)是傳統(tong)的生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處(chu)理方法(fa),生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)填料為固定床(chuang)上(shang)的半軟性填料。利用半軟性填料作為微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的附(fu)著載體(ti),生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)均勻分布(bu)在生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)填料上(shang),這樣(yang)就避免了(le)微(wei)(wei)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)分布(bu)不(bu)均的現象,同(tong)時,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)附(fu)著在填料表面,不(bu)隨水(shui)流動,因生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)膜直(zhi)接受到上(shang)升(sheng)氣流的強(qiang)烈攪動,不(bu)斷(duan)更新,從而提高了(le)凈化(hua)(hua)效果。接觸氧化(hua)(hua)法(fa)具有處(chu)理時間短、體(ti)積小(xiao)(xiao)、凈化(hua)(hua)效果好(hao)、出水(shui)水(shui)質好(hao)而穩定、污泥(ni)不(bu)需回(hui)流也不(bu)膨脹、耗(hao)電(dian)小(xiao)(xiao)等優(you)點。
4、MBR工藝
MBR是一種將高(gao)效膜分(fen)離技術與傳(chuan)統(tong)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)法相結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)新型高(gao)效污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝,它用(yong)(yong)具有(you)(you)獨特(te)結構的(de)(de)(de)浸沒式膜組件置于曝(pu)氣池中(zhong),經過(guo)好(hao)(hao)氧(yang)曝(pu)氣和(he)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)后的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui),由(you)泵(beng)通過(guo)膜過(guo)濾后抽出。它與傳(chuan)統(tong)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)方(fang)法具有(you)(you)很大(da)(da)區別,取代了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統(tong)生化(hua)工(gong)藝中(zhong)二沉池和(he)三級處(chu)(chu)理(li)工(gong)藝,由(you)于膜的(de)(de)(de)存在大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)系統(tong)固液分(fen)離的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),從而使系統(tong)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質和(he)容(rong)積負荷都得到(dao)大(da)(da)幅度提(ti)高(gao),結合(he)不同的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝,出水(shui)(shui)(shui)可以達到(dao)景觀用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)雜(za)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)標準(zhun)。由(you)于膜的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)濾作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),微(wei)生物(wu)被完全截留(liu)在生物(wu)反應(ying)器(qi)中(zhong),實現了(le)(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)力(li)停留(liu)時間與活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)泥(ni)(ni)齡的(de)(de)(de)徹底分(fen)離,消(xiao)除(chu)了(le)(le)傳(chuan)統(tong)活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)法中(zhong)污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)膨脹問題。膜生物(wu)反應(ying)器(qi)具有(you)(you)對(dui)污(wu)染物(wu)去除(chu)效率高(gao)、硝化(hua)能(neng)力(li)強,可同時進(jin)行(xing)硝化(hua)、反硝化(hua)、脫(tuo)氮效果好(hao)(hao)、出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質穩定、剩余污(wu)泥(ni)(ni)產量低、設備緊(jin)湊、操作(zuo)簡單等優點。目前廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于生活(huo)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)各種可生化(hua)工(gong)業廢水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)及回(hui)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)。
二、污水一體化處理設備工藝流程
一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設備處(chu)(chu)理(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)的工藝流(liu)程大致是(shi):待處(chu)(chu)理(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)首(shou)先經(jing)格柵去(qu)除較(jiao)大懸(xuan)浮物后自流(liu)到(dao)調(diao)節池進行均質均量處(chu)(chu)理(li),然后經(jing)提(ti)升泵(beng)提(ti)升至一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)設備內,依次經(jing)過(guo)預脫硝區(qu)(qu),厭氧(yang)區(qu)(qu),缺氧(yang)區(qu)(qu)和好(hao)氧(yang)區(qu)(qu)的生化(hua)(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)后經(jing)沉(chen)淀區(qu)(qu)實現(xian)泥水(shui)(shui)分(fen)離,沉(chen)淀出水(shui)(shui)最終通過(guo)紫外(wai)消毒(du)器(qi)消毒(du)后達到(dao)排放。具體(ti)流(liu)程如下(xia):
1、格柵
污(wu)水經管網(wang)收集輸送(song)至污(wu)水處理站,首(shou)先經格(ge)柵清除污(wu)水中含有(you)的大顆粒固體(ti)物或漂浮物,保證后(hou)續處理裝(zhuang)置(zhi)穩定運行,柵渣定期外(wai)運處置(zhi)。
2、調節池
整個調(diao)(diao)節(jie)系統(tong)由調(diao)(diao)節(jie)池、提(ti)升(sheng)泵、液位計等輔助系統(tong)組成(cheng)。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在此進(jin)行(xing)流量(liang)及濃(nong)度的(de)緩沖和(he)調(diao)(diao)節(jie),調(diao)(diao)節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)對進(jin)入后續(xu)生化(hua)處理(li)系統(tong)的(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)各項指標(biao)有較好的(de)穩定性,促進(jin)系統(tong)處理(li)效率。污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)經調(diao)(diao)節(jie)池提(ti)升(sheng)泵提(ti)升(sheng)進(jin)入一體化(hua)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理(li)設備。
包含厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)、缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)、MBBR好氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)、二沉池(chi)、絮凝反應池(chi)、高效(xiao)沉淀池(chi)、設備間及配套(tao)輔助等單元。厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)、缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)填(tian)充組合填(tian)料;MBBR池(chi)內填(tian)充MBBR懸浮填(tian)料,從(cong)而(er)形成宏觀和微觀兩(liang)種A/A/O環境;MBBR好氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)末端(duan)硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)液通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)泵(beng)回(hui)流(liu)至缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi),二沉池(chi)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)泵(beng)回(hui)流(liu)至厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)。在MBBR好氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi),污(wu)(wu)水中(zhong)的(de)(de)有機氮經過(guo)(guo)氨(an)化(hua)(hua)(hua)作(zuo)用(yong)、生(sheng)物(wu)硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)作(zuo)用(yong),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成硝(xiao)酸(suan)鹽;在缺(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi),反硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)細菌(jun)將內回(hui)流(liu)帶(dai)入的(de)(de)硝(xiao)酸(suan)鹽通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)反硝(xiao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)作(zuo)用(yong),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)成氮氣逸入到(dao)(dao)大氣中(zhong),從(cong)而(er)達(da)到(dao)(dao)徹底脫氮的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。在厭(yan)(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi),回(hui)流(liu)污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)的(de)(de)聚(ju)磷菌(jun)釋(shi)放(fang)(fang)磷,并(bing)吸收(shou)低(di)級脂肪(fang)酸(suan)等易降(jiang)解(jie)的(de)(de)有機物(wu);而(er)在MBBR好氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi),活性污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)中(zhong)的(de)(de)聚(ju)磷菌(jun)超量吸收(shou)磷,并(bing)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)二沉池(chi)沉淀將剩余污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)排放(fang)(fang),將磷除去。
4、消毒
沉淀出水經紫外線消(xiao)毒器消(xiao)毒后(hou)即可(ke)達標(biao)排放。
5、污泥池
一體化污(wu)(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理設備(bei)中(zhong)產生(sheng)的(de)少量剩余污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)先排入污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)濃(nong)(nong)縮池(chi)濃(nong)(nong)縮,濃(nong)(nong)縮后上(shang)清液回流(liu)至調節池(chi),濃(nong)(nong)縮污(wu)(wu)泥(ni)(ni)定期處(chu)(chu)置外(wai)運。