一、一體化污水處理設備工藝有哪些
一體化污水處理設備主要是為了(le)實現對(dui)污(wu)水的(de)處理(li)從集(ji)中化走向(xiang)分散(san)化,從大(da)規模集(ji)中式向(xiang)中小規模分散(san)式的(de)轉變而發展起(qi)來的(de),具有基建投資小、占地面積小、可減少管網的(de)建設(she)等特點,使用(yong)廣泛(fan)。一體化污(wu)水處理(li)設(she)備(bei)的(de)工(gong)藝主要有四種(zhong):
1、A/O工藝
A/O工藝是(shi)以活(huo)性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)作(zuo)為生物(wu)(wu)載(zai)體,通過(guo)風機供氧(yang)曝氣的(de)(de)作(zuo)用使污水(shui)達(da)到(dao)充氧(yang)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。A池(chi)(chi)內設機械攪(jiao)拌,從O池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)回流液(ye)回流至A池(chi)(chi),在A池(chi)(chi)進行反(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)反(fan)應,將大(da)部分硝(xiao)(xiao)酸鹽(yan)氮還(huan)原成氮氣,并(bing)通過(guo)攪(jiao)拌使氮氣從廢水(shui)中(zhong)溢(yi)出(chu),達(da)到(dao)去除(chu)氨氮的(de)(de)目的(de)(de);A池(chi)(chi)出(chu)水(shui)至O池(chi)(chi),O池(chi)(chi)內設鼓風曝氣,去除(chu)大(da)部分有(you)(you)機污染物(wu)(wu),并(bing)將進水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)大(da)部分氨氮轉化(hua)(hua)成硝(xiao)(xiao)酸鹽(yan)氮;可以根(gen)據(ju)廢水(shui)的(de)(de)需要,調(diao)整(zheng)O段池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)活(huo)性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)濃(nong)度,通過(guo)活(huo)性(xing)污泥(ni)(ni)中(zhong)的(de)(de)菌膠團,吸附(fu)、氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)并(bing)分解廢水(shui)中(zhong)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)機物(wu)(wu);有(you)(you)機物(wu)(wu)、氨氮去除(chu)率(lv)高。然而(er),由于沒(mei)有(you)(you)獨立(li)的(de)(de)污泥(ni)(ni)回流系統,從而(er)不(bu)能培養出(chu)具有(you)(you)獨特功能的(de)(de)污泥(ni)(ni),難降(jiang)解物(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)降(jiang)解率(lv)較低;同時,若要提高脫(tuo)氮效率(lv),必須加(jia)大(da)內循環比(bi),因而(er)加(jia)大(da)了運(yun)行費用。另外,內循環液(ye)來(lai)自(zi)曝氣池(chi)(chi),含有(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)DO,使A段難以保持理想(xiang)的(de)(de)缺(que)氧(yang)狀態,影響反(fan)硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)(hua)效果,脫(tuo)氮率(lv)很難達(da)到(dao)90%。
2、SBR工藝
SBR工(gong)藝是近年發展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)一(yi)種較為(wei)先進(jin)的(de)活性污泥(ni)處(chu)理(li)(li)法,該處(chu)理(li)(li)工(gong)藝集曝氣(qi)池、沉淀(dian)池為(wei)一(yi)體,連續(xu)進(jin)水(shui)(shui),間(jian)歇曝氣(qi),停氣(qi)時污水(shui)(shui)沉淀(dian)撇除(chu)上(shang)清液,成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)周(zhou)期,周(zhou)而復始。SBR法不設(she)沉淀(dian)池,無污泥(ni)回流(liu)設(she)備,但SBR工(gong)藝為(wei)間(jian)歇運行,需設(she)多個(ge)處(chu)理(li)(li)單元,進(jin)水(shui)(shui)和曝氣(qi)相互切換(huan),造成(cheng)控制(zhi)(zhi)較為(wei)復雜。為(wei)了保證溢流(liu)率(lv),SBR工(gong)藝對(dui)潷(bi)水(shui)(shui)器設(she)備制(zhi)(zhi)造要求高,制(zhi)(zhi)作時必須精益求精,否則極易造成(cheng)最終出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)不達標。目(mu)前國內(nei)還沒有質(zhi)量較好的(de)潷(bi)水(shui)(shui)設(she)備,進(jin)口設(she)備采(cai)購麻(ma)煩(fan),且價(jia)格昂貴,同(tong)時后(hou)期維修(xiu)費(fei)用也(ye)高。SBR工(gong)藝池內(nei)污泥(ni)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)由濃(nong)(nong)度(du)儀(yi)測定以便(bian)控制(zhi)(zhi)排出多余污泥(ni)量,目(mu)前國內(nei)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)儀(yi)技術(shu)不成(cheng)熟等原因易造成(cheng)SBR污泥(ni)排放(fang)控制(zhi)(zhi)困難等問題。
3、接觸氧化工藝
生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)接觸(chu)氧化法是傳統的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化處理方法,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)填(tian)料為固定床上(shang)的(de)半軟性(xing)填(tian)料。利用半軟性(xing)填(tian)料作為微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)附著載體,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)均勻分布在生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)填(tian)料上(shang),這(zhe)樣就避(bi)免了微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分布不(bu)均的(de)現象,同(tong)時,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)附著在填(tian)料表面,不(bu)隨水(shui)流(liu)(liu)動(dong),因生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜直接受到上(shang)升氣流(liu)(liu)的(de)強烈攪(jiao)動(dong),不(bu)斷更新,從而(er)提(ti)高(gao)了凈(jing)化效(xiao)果。接觸(chu)氧化法具有處理時間短、體積(ji)小、凈(jing)化效(xiao)果好、出(chu)水(shui)水(shui)質好而(er)穩(wen)定、污泥不(bu)需回流(liu)(liu)也不(bu)膨脹、耗電小等優點。
4、MBR工藝
MBR是一種將高效(xiao)膜(mo)分(fen)離(li)技術(shu)與(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)統活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)新型高效(xiao)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理工藝(yi),它(ta)(ta)用(yong)(yong)具有獨(du)特結(jie)構的(de)(de)浸沒(mei)式膜(mo)組(zu)件(jian)置于曝氣池(chi)中,經過(guo)(guo)好氧曝氣和(he)生(sheng)物(wu)處理后的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui),由泵通(tong)過(guo)(guo)膜(mo)過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)后抽出(chu)。它(ta)(ta)與(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)統污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理方法(fa)具有很大(da)區別(bie),取(qu)代了傳(chuan)統生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)工藝(yi)中二沉池(chi)和(he)三級(ji)處理工藝(yi),由于膜(mo)的(de)(de)存在大(da)大(da)提高了系統固液分(fen)離(li)的(de)(de)能力,從(cong)而使系統出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質和(he)容積負荷都(dou)得到大(da)幅度提高,結(jie)合(he)不同(tong)的(de)(de)工藝(yi),出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)以(yi)達到景觀用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)雜用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)標準。由于膜(mo)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)作用(yong)(yong),微生(sheng)物(wu)被(bei)完(wan)全截留在生(sheng)物(wu)反應(ying)(ying)器中,實現了水(shui)(shui)(shui)力停留時間與(yu)(yu)活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)泥(ni)齡的(de)(de)徹底(di)分(fen)離(li),消除了傳(chuan)統活性(xing)污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)法(fa)中污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)膨脹問題。膜(mo)生(sheng)物(wu)反應(ying)(ying)器具有對污(wu)(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)去除效(xiao)率高、硝化(hua)(hua)能力強,可(ke)同(tong)時進行硝化(hua)(hua)、反硝化(hua)(hua)、脫氮效(xiao)果好、出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質穩(wen)定(ding)、剩余污(wu)(wu)(wu)泥(ni)產量低、設備緊湊、操作簡單等優點。目前(qian)廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于生(sheng)活污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)各(ge)種可(ke)生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)工業廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)處理及(ji)回用(yong)(yong)中。
二、污水一體化處理設備工藝流程
一體(ti)化(hua)(hua)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)備(bei)處理(li)(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)的工藝流(liu)程(cheng)大致是:待處理(li)(li)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)首先經(jing)(jing)格柵去除較大懸浮(fu)物后(hou)自流(liu)到調節(jie)池進行均質(zhi)均量處理(li)(li),然(ran)后(hou)經(jing)(jing)提升(sheng)泵提升(sheng)至一體(ti)化(hua)(hua)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)設(she)備(bei)內,依(yi)次經(jing)(jing)過預脫硝(xiao)區,厭(yan)氧區,缺氧區和好氧區的生(sheng)化(hua)(hua)處理(li)(li)后(hou)經(jing)(jing)沉(chen)淀區實(shi)現泥水(shui)(shui)分離,沉(chen)淀出水(shui)(shui)最終通過紫外消毒器消毒后(hou)達到排放。具體(ti)流(liu)程(cheng)如(ru)下:
1、格柵
污(wu)(wu)水經管網收(shou)集輸送至污(wu)(wu)水處理站(zhan),首(shou)先經格柵清(qing)除污(wu)(wu)水中含有的大顆(ke)粒(li)固體物或漂浮物,保證后續處理裝置穩定運行,柵渣定期外運處置。
2、調節池
整個調(diao)節系統由調(diao)節池(chi)、提升泵、液位計等(deng)輔助系統組成。污(wu)水(shui)在此進(jin)(jin)(jin)行流量及濃度的緩沖和調(diao)節,調(diao)節水(shui)量、水(shui)質(zhi)對進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)后(hou)續生化處理系統的污(wu)水(shui)各(ge)項指標有較好的穩定性,促進(jin)(jin)(jin)系統處理效率。污(wu)水(shui)經調(diao)節池(chi)提升泵提升進(jin)(jin)(jin)入(ru)一(yi)體化污(wu)水(shui)處理設備(bei)。
包含厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、二(er)(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、絮凝反應池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、高效沉(chen)淀(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、設備間及配套輔(fu)助(zhu)等單(dan)元。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)填充組合填料;MBBR池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)內填充MBBR懸(xuan)浮填料,從而形成(cheng)(cheng)宏觀和微(wei)觀兩種A/A/O環(huan)境(jing);MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)末端硝(xiao)化(hua)液通過(guo)泵(beng)回(hui)流至缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),二(er)(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)污泥通過(guo)污泥泵(beng)回(hui)流至厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。在MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),污水中(zhong)的(de)(de)有機(ji)(ji)氮(dan)經過(guo)氨化(hua)作(zuo)用(yong)、生(sheng)物硝(xiao)化(hua)作(zuo)用(yong),轉(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)硝(xiao)酸鹽(yan);在缺(que)(que)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),反硝(xiao)化(hua)細(xi)菌(jun)(jun)將(jiang)內回(hui)流帶入的(de)(de)硝(xiao)酸鹽(yan)通過(guo)生(sheng)物反硝(xiao)化(hua)作(zuo)用(yong),轉(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)氮(dan)氣(qi)逸入到(dao)大氣(qi)中(zhong),從而達到(dao)徹底脫(tuo)氮(dan)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。在厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),回(hui)流污泥中(zhong)的(de)(de)聚(ju)磷(lin)(lin)菌(jun)(jun)釋放磷(lin)(lin),并吸(xi)收低級脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸等易降解的(de)(de)有機(ji)(ji)物;而在MBBR好(hao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi),活性污泥中(zhong)的(de)(de)聚(ju)磷(lin)(lin)菌(jun)(jun)超量吸(xi)收磷(lin)(lin),并通過(guo)二(er)(er)沉(chen)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)沉(chen)淀(dian)將(jiang)剩余污泥排放,將(jiang)磷(lin)(lin)除去。
4、消毒
沉淀出(chu)水經紫外線(xian)消毒(du)器消毒(du)后即可達標排放。
5、污泥池
一體化污(wu)水處理設備中產生(sheng)的少量(liang)剩余污(wu)泥(ni)先排入污(wu)泥(ni)濃(nong)(nong)縮(suo)池濃(nong)(nong)縮(suo),濃(nong)(nong)縮(suo)后上清液回流至調節池,濃(nong)(nong)縮(suo)污(wu)泥(ni)定期處置外(wai)運。