1、大(da)曲

大曲是以小麥(mai)、大麥(mai)和豌豆等為原(yuan)料，經破碎加水拌料壓成磚塊狀的曲坯，在人工挖制的溫(wen)度(du)、濕(shi)度(du)下培養而成。大曲含(han)(han)有霉菌、酵母、細菌等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微生(sheng)物，是一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)菌的混(hun)合（酶）制劑，它所含(han)(han)微生(sheng)物的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類和數量，受(shou)到制曲原(yuan)料、制曲溫(wen)度(du)和環(huan)境(jing)等因素(su)的影響。由于大曲含(han)(han)有多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)微生(sheng)物，所以在釀(niang)(niang)酒(jiu)(jiu)發酵過(guo)程中形成了種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類繁多(duo)的代謝產物，組成了各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風味(wei)成分。目前，我國(guo)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)名白酒(jiu)(jiu)、優質白酒(jiu)(jiu)大都使用傳統的大曲法(fa)釀(niang)(niang)造(zao)。

2、小曲

小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)也稱(cheng)酒藥、白(bai)(bai)藥、酒餅等，是(shi)用米粉或米糠為原料(liao)，添加少(shao)量中(zhong)藥材(cai)或辣蓼草，接種(zhong)曲(qu)(qu)母，人(ren)工控制培養溫(wen)度而制成。因為顆粒小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，習慣上(shang)稱(cheng)它為小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)中(zhong)主要含(han)有根霉(mei)(mei)(mei)、毛霉(mei)(mei)(mei)、酵母等微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)。其中(zhong)根霉(mei)(mei)(mei)的(de)糖(tang)化能力很強，并(bing)具有一定的(de)酒化酶活性，它常作為小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)白(bai)(bai)酒和黃酒的(de)糖(tang)化發酵劑，例如生(sheng)(sheng)產小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)白(bai)(bai)酒用的(de)邛崍米曲(qu)(qu)、廣東酒餅等都是(shi)優良(liang)的(de)黃酒釀造(zao)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)品種(zhong)。由于小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)制作方法(fa)代(dai)代(dai)相傳(chuan)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)中(zhong)的(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)經過反復的(de)篩選，使小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)曲(qu)(qu)得以保持優良(liang)的(de)品質。

3、紅曲

紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)我(wo)國黃酒(jiu)釀造的一種特殊曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)種，它(ta)用(yong)大米(mi)為原料，經接種曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)母(mu)培養而(er)成(cheng)。紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)主要含有(you)紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)霉菌和酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)母(mu)等微生(sheng)物，具有(you)糖(tang)化(hua)與發酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的雙重作用(yong)。用(yong)紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)釀成(cheng)的酒(jiu)稱為紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)酒(jiu)，它(ta)具有(you)色澤(ze)鮮艷，酒(jiu)味醇厚的特點(dian)。黃衣紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)霉、黃曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)霉和酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)母(mu)共生(sheng)而(er)制(zhi)成(cheng)的曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。它(ta)們耐溫抗(kang)酸(suan)，具有(you)比紅(hong)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)更(geng)強的糖(tang)化(hua)發酵(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)力。在浙江、福(fu)建一帶常(chang)用(yong)它(ta)來生(sheng)產黃酒(jiu)。

4、麥曲

麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)是我(wo)國釀酒(jiu)工業上消耗用(yong)得較為(wei)普遍的(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)種(zhong)，它(ta)以小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)為(wei)原料，破碎(sui)后加水成型，經培養而成的(de)(de)一種(zhong)多菌(jun)種(zhong)復(fu)合糖化發酵劑。麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)主要(yao)含有米曲(qu)(qu)(qu)霉(mei)、黃(huang)(huang)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)霉(mei)、根霉(mei)、毛霉(mei)和(he)少量(liang)酵母、細菌(jun)等，麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)在黃(huang)(huang)酒(jiu)釀造(zao)中(zhong)主要(yao)起糖化和(he)產香增(zeng)色(se)作用(yong)，使(shi)黃(huang)(huang)酒(jiu)具(ju)特殊(shu)的(de)(de)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)香和(he)醇厚的(de)(de)酒(jiu)味。依據(ju)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)制作方法不同，又分(fen)為(wei)踏曲(qu)(qu)(qu)、掛(gua)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)、草色(se)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)、爆(bao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)純(chun)種(zhong)生麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)，純(chun)種(zhong)熟(shu)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)等。黃(huang)(huang)酒(jiu)生產中(zhong)也用(yong)到麥(mai)(mai)(mai)曲(qu)(qu)(qu)。

5、麩曲

麩曲(qu)以麩皮為(wei)主要原(yuan)料(liao)，接種(zhong)霉菌擴大(da)培養而成，它主要應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)麩曲(qu)白酒的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，作為(wei)糖化劑(ji)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)麩曲(qu)代(dai)大(da)曲(qu)和(he)小曲(qu)來(lai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)白酒，是(shi)解(jie)放后推行的(de)(de)一種(zhong)新的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方法，其主要優點是(shi)麩曲(qu)的(de)(de)糖化力強，原(yuan)料(liao)淀粉利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)率高(gao)達80％以上，在節糧方面有顯(xian)著(zhu)的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，麩曲(qu)法白酒發酵周期短，原(yuan)料(liao)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)面廣，易于(yu)(yu)實現機械化生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)。目前，該法已逐步由固態法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)發展為(wei)液態法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，并用(yong)(yong)(yong)液體(ti)曲(qu)或(huo)酶制劑(ji)取(qu)代(dai)麩曲(qu)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。