馬(ma)仙信俗是(shi)2014年經國務院批準列(lie)入第四批非(fei)物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產名錄的一種民俗。
馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗是(shi)(shi)(shi)閩(min)浙民(min)(min)眾(zhong)世代(dai)傳承(cheng)、崇信(xin)(xin)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)傳統(tong)民(min)(min)間習俗。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),又稱馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)孝(xiao)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)閩(min)東北、浙東南地區(qu)崇信(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)女(nv)神(shen)。因(yin)嫁(jia)不久夫亡,數十年(nian)間,婆媳(xi)相(xiang)依為(wei)(wei)命(ming),忍辱負重,殷勤奉姑至終(zhong)老(lao)。其(qi)孝(xiao)感動(dong)天,傳為(wei)(wei)佳話,歿后被祀(si)為(wei)(wei)神(shen)。唐肅宗(zong)時(shi)敕封為(wei)(wei)“馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)氏護國夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)”,與媽祖、陳靖姑并稱為(wei)(wei)閩(min)浙三大(da)女(nv)神(shen)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)行,也(ye)被上層社會奉為(wei)(wei)孝(xiao)德典(dian)范,歷史(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)李陽冰、劉伯溫、馮夢(meng)龍(long)等(deng)(deng)均(jun)撰(zhuan)文贊頌之。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)于(yu)宋元間即(ji)傳入柘榮(rong),不僅被奉為(wei)(wei)孝(xiao)德楷模,而且也(ye)成為(wei)(wei)民(min)(min)眾(zhong)祛病化厄、禳災御患的(de)(de)精神(shen)寄托。每年(nian)舉行的(de)(de)“迎仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”廟(miao)(miao)祭儀(yi)式,各(ge)家之母親(qin)或婆婆則率女(nv)、媳(xi)到廟(miao)(miao)祭祀(si),講述馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)孝(xiao)道故事(shi),傳遞孝(xiao)德精神(shen),從(cong)而形成了一套完整的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗。明(ming)清時(shi),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗在福寧府(fu)(今閩(min)東)廣為(wei)(wei)流傳,根深蒂固(gu)。柘榮(rong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)(yang)中心地帶,柘榮(rong)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗活(huo)動(dong)典(dian)型。其(qi)影響(xiang)波及(ji)閩(min)、浙、贛、粵和臺(tai)灣(wan)及(ji)東南亞等(deng)(deng)地,信(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)達2000多萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)。被譽為(wei)(wei)“仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)山”的(de)(de)柘榮(rong)東獅(shi)山是(shi)(shi)(shi)閩(min)浙邊(bian)界(jie)信(xin)(xin)眾(zhong)朝拜馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)圣山,傳說山上靈(ling)巖洞(dong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)修煉(lian)處,中心場(chang)所在城關(guan)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟(miao)(miao)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗千年(nian)傳承(cheng)留下了諸多的(de)(de)文物(wu)(wu)名勝,有(you)始于(yu)宋代(dai)的(de)(de)靈(ling)巖洞(dong)、始建于(yu)元代(dai)的(de)(de)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)廟(miao)(miao)、明(ming)代(dai)東獅(shi)山摩崖石刻(ke)等(deng)(deng)縣級文保單位,還有(you)明(ming)、清時(shi)期(qi)牌(pai)匾等(deng)(deng),有(you)百(bai)丈(zhang)巖、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)足跡、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)溪(xi)、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)掌泉、仙(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)嶼等(deng)(deng)名勝。
馬(ma)仙信俗(su)的主要表現形式是每年農歷七月初七起舉(ju)行游盛會。其活動(dong)由以下幾個環節構成(cheng):接(jie)仙,從靈(ling)巖洞起始;獻祭、醮儀(yi),中心場所在(zai)城關(guan)仙嶼馬(ma)仙廟;游境,在(zai)十(shi)三境依序巡游;送仙,將馬(ma)仙神輿隆重(zhong)地送回(hui)靈(ling)巖洞。同時,舉(ju)行民間藝術展演活動(dong),主要有:臺閣、戲曲、木偶(ou)、燈(deng)藝、雜(za)技、舞蹈(dao)、燈(deng)謎等。接(jie)仙期間,母親帶(dai)兒女(nv)、婆(po)婆(po)帶(dai)媳婦祭拜馬(ma)仙。馬(ma)仙以孝德楷模(mo)受頂禮膜(mo)拜,逐漸演變成(cheng)為民眾祛病(bing)化(hua)厄、禳(rang)災御(yu)患(huan)、保佑平安的地方保護神。
馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗活(huo)動(dong)是祈求國泰民(min)(min)安(an)(an)、人壽(shou)年豐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愿景(jing),十三境(jing)社(she)(she)境(jing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯誼(yi)、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)道(dao)孝德(de)(de)(de)與現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)文明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融合(he)(he),以(yi)及(ji)民(min)(min)間(jian)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)展演。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗中(zhong)提倡(chang)侍(shi)母孝姑、和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)睦(mu)鄰(lin)里(li)(li)、行(xing)善濟世,具有(you)(you)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)價(jia)值(zhi);其通過十三境(jing)聯誼(yi)、對(dui)建構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)社(she)(she)會,具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要現(xian)(xian)實(shi)啟(qi)示價(jia)值(zhi)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)廟祭期間(jian),各家(jia)庭母親帶(dai)兒(er)女(nv)、婆婆帶(dai)媳婦祭拜(bai)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian),傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)揚(yang)馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)孝順公婆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美徳,使傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)孝德(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)化代(dai)(dai)代(dai)(dai)相傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),促進家(jia)庭和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie),有(you)(you)利于幸福家(jia)庭和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)文明社(she)(she)會建設。“迎仙(xian)”儀式中(zhong),信(xin)(xin)眾以(yi)孝德(de)(de)(de)、和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)、健(jian)康、平安(an)(an)理念貫(guan)穿活(huo)動(dong)全程,特(te)別是倡(chang)導(dao)(dao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播婆媳和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)、鄰(lin)里(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)睦(mu)、勤(qin)儉(jian)持家(jia)等孝德(de)(de)(de)文化,具有(you)(you)社(she)(she)會道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)深層教(jiao)化特(te)征,值(zhi)得(de)在(zai)當代(dai)(dai)效(xiao)仿和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)推行(xing)。在(zai)當代(dai)(dai)對(dui)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)孝德(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu)缺(que)失之影響(xiang)下(xia),馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)仙(xian)信(xin)(xin)俗所倡(chang)導(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孝德(de)(de)(de)、和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)、健(jian)康、平安(an)(an)等理念,不僅(jin)符合(he)(he)中(zhong)華民(min)(min)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)美德(de)(de)(de),也契合(he)(he)當今社(she)(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)育(yu)(yu),對(dui)弘揚(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文化,建構(gou)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)諧(xie)社(she)(she)會有(you)(you)重(zhong)要現(xian)(xian)實(shi)意義和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)主流價(jia)值(zhi)。馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)俗信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)活(huo)動(dong)為(wei)柘榮民(min)(min)間(jian)文化藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承提供(gong)了一(yi)個載(zai)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用,許多民(min)(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術如提線木(mu)偶戲、布(bu)袋(dai)戲、地(di)坪(ping)戲、抬(tai)閣裝(zhuang)飾、燈飾剪紙等技藝(yi),在(zai)儀式活(huo)動(dong)中(zhong)得(de)以(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)鞏固,并為(wei)為(wei)藝(yi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)創(chuang)作及(ji)發展創(chuang)造機會;馬(ma)(ma)(ma)(ma)俗信(xin)(xin)仰(yang)活(huo)動(dong),為(wei)政府了解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)保護非物質遺產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護提供(gong)了完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)料,為(wei)當代(dai)(dai)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)(dai)文化建設仍具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要啟(qi)示意義及(ji)參考價(jia)值(zhi)。