一、電子簽名是什么意思
電子簽名是指(zhi)數(shu)據電(dian)文中(zhong)以電(dian)子(zi)(zi)形式(shi)所含、所附用(yong)于識別(bie)簽名(ming)人身份(fen)并(bing)表明簽名(ming)人認可(ke)其中(zhong)內容的(de)數(shu)據。通(tong)俗點說(shuo),電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)就是通(tong)過(guo)密碼技術對電(dian)子(zi)(zi)文檔的(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)形式(shi)的(de)簽名(ming),并(bing)非是書面簽名(ming)的(de)數(shu)字(zi)圖像化(hua),它類似于手寫簽名(ming)或印章(zhang)(zhang),也可(ke)以說(shuo)它就是電(dian)子(zi)(zi)印章(zhang)(zhang)。電(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)的(de)用(yong)途:在電(dian)子(zi)(zi)版的(de)中(zhong)秋賀卡,結婚請帖,建筑合同上簽名(ming)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)是(shi)現代認(ren)證(zheng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)泛(fan)稱,美國(guo)《統一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)交易(yi)法(fa)》規(gui)定,“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)”泛(fan)指(zhi)“與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記(ji)錄(lu)相聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在邏輯上(shang)相聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)聲音、符號或(huo)(huo)(huo)程(cheng)序,而該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)聲音、符號或(huo)(huo)(huo)程(cheng)序是(shi)某人為(wei)簽(qian)(qian)署(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記(ji)錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)而簽(qian)(qian)訂或(huo)(huo)(huo)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)”;聯合國(guo)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)商務示范法(fa)》中(zhong)規(gui)定,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)是(shi)包(bao)含、附(fu)加在某一(yi)數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文內,或(huo)(huo)(huo)邏輯上(shang)與(yu)(yu)某一(yi)數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文相聯系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據(ju),它能被用(yong)來(lai)證(zheng)實與(yu)(yu)此數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文有關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份,并(bing)表明(ming)該簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人認(ren)可(ke)該數(shu)據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)文所(suo)載信息;歐盟(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)指(zhi)令(ling)》規(gui)定,“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)”泛(fan)指(zhi)“與(yu)(yu)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)記(ji)錄(lu)相連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)(huo)在邏輯上(shang)相連(lian)并(bing)以此作為(wei)認(ren)證(zheng)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)形式數(shu)據(ju)。”
從(cong)上(shang)述(shu)定義來看,凡(fan)是能在(zai)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)通訊中,起到證(zheng)明當事人(ren)的(de)身份、證(zheng)明當事人(ren)對文(wen)件內容(rong)的(de)認可的(de)電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)技術(shu)手段(duan),都可被稱為電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名,電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽名即現代認證(zheng)技術(shu)的(de)一般性概念,它(ta)是電(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)商務安(an)全的(de)重要保障手段(duan)。
二、電子簽名和手寫簽名的區別
1、含義不同
手寫簽(qian)名(ming)在日(ri)常生活(huo)中隨處可見,簡單來說就是親筆書寫自(zi)己的(de)(de)名(ming)字(zi)(zi),在紙質文(wen)檔(dang)上使用手寫簽(qian)名(ming)主要用以確(que)定(ding)簽(qian)字(zi)(zi)者的(de)(de)身份(fen),并表示(shi)簽(qian)字(zi)(zi)者同意(yi)所簽(qian)署文(wen)檔(dang)中規定(ding)的(de)(de)內容(rong),對(dui)文(wen)檔(dang)的(de)(de)真實性(xing)負(fu)責,且具有法律效力。
而電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)通俗來講,就是(shi)(shi)通過密碼(ma)技術(shu)在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)文檔上加載的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)簽名(ming)(ming),可(ke)(ke)以(yi)輕松(song)驗證簽約主體的(de)(de)(de)身份信(xin)息(xi)和簽名(ming)(ming)信(xin)息(xi),以(yi)及原(yuan)文在傳輸(shu)過程中是(shi)(shi)否發(fa)生過改(gai)動。值得一(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi),根據(ju)《電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)法》規定,可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)與手寫簽名(ming)(ming)或者蓋章具有同等的(de)(de)(de)法律效力。
2、適用范圍不同
電子簽名文(wen)件(jian)(jian)的適用范圍(wei)(wei)稍有局(ju)限(xian),目(mu)前還不能適用于涉及婚姻、收養、繼承(cheng)等(deng)人身關系;涉及停止(zhi)供(gong)水、供(gong)熱、供(gong)氣、供(gong)電等(deng)公用事業服(fu)務;以及法律(lv)、行政法規規定的不適用電子文(wen)書的其他情形(xing)。而手(shou)寫簽名文(wen)件(jian)(jian)適用范圍(wei)(wei)不限(xian)。
3、簽署方式不同
在電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文(wen)件(jian)上簽(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming),就是用私鑰對電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文(wen)件(jian)及(ji)與(yu)其一起存儲的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)文(wen)件(jian)消息(xi)摘(zhai)要數據進(jin)行加密,包括自(zi)動簽(qian)(qian)署、點擊簽(qian)(qian)署、短信簽(qian)(qian)署、視頻簽(qian)(qian)署等多種方式。而手寫簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)在各(ge)種紙(zhi)質文(wen)件(jian)上書寫的(de)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)具有明顯的(de)個性特征。
4、簽署樣式不同
電子簽名(ming)一般常用(yong)的(de)(de)是圖(tu)(tu)形/圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)式,即(ji)有個(ge)體特(te)征的(de)(de)手寫(xie)簽名(ming)文(wen)(wen)字(zi)構成(cheng)的(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)形或印章圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)(但電子簽名(ming)的(de)(de)效力并非(fei)基于圖(tu)(tu)形或圖(tu)(tu)像(xiang)(xiang)本身,而在于背后的(de)(de)數(shu)字(zi)證書)。而手寫(xie)簽名(ming)就是有個(ge)體特(te)征的(de)(de)手寫(xie)體文(wen)(wen)字(zi)。
5、驗證方式不同
電子簽名驗(yan)證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)擁有或可(ke)(ke)(ke)以直接訪問電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數字證(zheng)書(shu)(內含公鑰),以驗(yan)證(zheng)電子(zi)文件中簽(qian)(qian)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)真偽及(ji)簽(qian)(qian)名人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)身份(fen)。經CA機構頒發的(de)(de)(de)(de)數字證(zheng)書(shu),可(ke)(ke)(ke)作為網(wang)上(shang)身份(fen)證(zheng)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據,具有不可(ke)(ke)(ke)否認(ren)性(xing)。而(er)手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名是通過目視(shi)比較、識別手寫(xie)體簽(qian)(qian)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)個體特征信息及(ji)其筆跡,從而(er)確認(ren)手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)真偽。為增(zeng)強手寫(xie)簽(qian)(qian)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)及(ji)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)否認(ren)性(xing),需要(yao)辦理公證(zheng),產生額外的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)。