一、什么是供應鏈金融

供應鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)融是(shi)一種金(jin)(jin)融服務，具體是(shi)指(zhi)圍繞核心企(qi)(qi)業，管理上下游中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)業的(de)資金(jin)(jin)流、物(wu)流和信息(xi)流，并把(ba)單個企(qi)(qi)業的(de)不可(ke)控風(feng)(feng)險(xian)轉變為(wei)供應鏈(lian)企(qi)(qi)業整體的(de)可(ke)控風(feng)(feng)險(xian)，通過(guo)立體獲取(qu)各類信息(xi)，將風(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制在最低的(de)金(jin)(jin)融服務。

隨著社會化(hua)生(sheng)產方式的(de)不斷深入，市場競(jing)爭(zheng)已經從單一客戶之(zhi)間的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)與供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)之(zhi)間的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)，同(tong)一供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)內(nei)部各方相互依(yi)存，因此銀(yin)行可以為(wei)(wei)供(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)的(de)上下游企業提供(gong)(gong)融資、貸款等金融服務。

該圖片由注冊用戶"荊湖酒徒"提供，版權聲明反饋

二、供應鏈金融的內涵是什么

供應鏈金融的(de)內涵實際上就是在供應鏈中尋找出一(yi)個大(da)的(de)核(he)心(xin)企業(ye)，以(yi)核(he)心(xin)企業(ye)為(wei)出發點，為(wei)供應鏈提供金融支持(chi)：

一方(fang)面，將資金有(you)效注入處(chu)于相對弱(ruo)勢的上下游配(pei)套中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)，解決中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)融(rong)資難和供(gong)應(ying)鏈失衡的問題；另一方(fang)面，將銀行信用融(rong)入上下游企(qi)業(ye)的購銷行為(wei)，增強其商業(ye)信用，促進中(zhong)小企(qi)業(ye)與核心企(qi)業(ye)建立長期戰略協同關系(xi)，提升供(gong)應(ying)鏈的競爭能力。

在(zai)“供(gong)應(ying)鏈金(jin)融(rong)”的(de)(de)融(rong)資(zi)模式下，處(chu)在(zai)供(gong)應(ying)鏈上(shang)的(de)(de)企業(ye)一旦(dan)獲得(de)銀(yin)行的(de)(de)支持，資(zi)金(jin)這(zhe)一“臍血”注入配套企業(ye)，也就等于進入了(le)供(gong)應(ying)鏈，從而(er)可(ke)以激活整個“鏈條”的(de)(de)運轉；而(er)且借助(zhu)銀(yin)行信用的(de)(de)支持，還為中(zhong)小(xiao)企業(ye)贏得(de)了(le)更多的(de)(de)商機(ji)。

三、供應鏈金融有哪幾種類型

供應鏈(lian)金融(rong)業務(wu)是(shi)千(qian)差萬(wan)別(bie)的(de)，根據平(ping)臺類型(xing)(xing)的(de)不同，大致(zhi)可(ke)分為以下五(wu)大類型(xing)(xing)：

1、核心企業型供應鏈金融

核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)型(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)平臺(tai)是最(zui)典型(xing)、最(zui)為(wei)常見的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務類型(xing)，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)所說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)“M+1+N”供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，其實(shi)主要(yao)是指(zhi)基于(yu)核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)而言，核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是指(zhi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)條的(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)者、組織者與協調者，自(zi)身規模很大，對上下游有較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)話語權和影響(xiang)力的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。以其為(wei)核(he)(he)心，核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)幾乎掌握了(le)上下游融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)交易數(shu)據，掌握著鏈(lian)條上的(de)(de)(de)所有應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)收、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)付賬(zhang)款(kuan)。基于(yu)核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，對上游供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)商可以開(kai)展應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)收賬(zhang)款(kuan)質押融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)、保理(li)(li)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務；對下游經銷商可以開(kai)展融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)通倉、信用(yong)貸(dai)款(kuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務。早幾年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都(dou)是由(you)銀(yin)行(xing)主導，核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)被動參與的(de)(de)(de)方式，近幾年(nian)隨著供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)快速發展，很多(duo)核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)成立了(le)獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)科技(ji)板(ban)塊，開(kai)始主動開(kai)展供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務。核(he)(he)心企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)板(ban)塊一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由(you)科技(ji)公司(si)、保理(li)(li)、小貸(dai)等(deng)非(fei)銀(yin)機構組成，同時和銀(yin)行(xing)等(deng)資(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方合(he)作(zuo)，為(wei)上下游提供(gong)(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)服(fu)務。

2、電商平臺型供應鏈金融

除了核(he)心(xin)企(qi)業主(zhu)導的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融之外(wai)，電商(shang)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)型供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融也是一(yi)大主(zhu)流。2C電商(shang)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)發(fa)展(zhan)較早，已(yi)經形成幾家壟斷之勢(shi)(shi)，技(ji)術方面(mian)又具有優(you)勢(shi)(shi)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融各種(zhong)模式已(yi)經比(bi)較成熟(shu)。近幾年產業互聯網發(fa)展(zhan)迅速，幾乎所(suo)有主(zhu)流行業都出現了一(yi)個甚至多個產業互聯網平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)，產業互聯網平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)以交(jiao)易、物流服務(wu)、數(shu)據服務(wu)切(qie)入(ru)，有一(yi)定的(de)用(yong)戶(hu)量之后，再為其客戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融服務(wu)，供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)成為產業互聯網平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)標配。不過目前(qian)大部分產業互聯網平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融服務(wu)還(huan)處(chu)于初級階段，大部分平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)都沒有自己(ji)獨立的(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融板塊，更(geng)多是引(yin)入(ru)第三方供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)，為客戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)(gong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融服務(wu)。本(ben)身尚未(wei)建設供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融產品體系(xi)。

3、供應鏈管理公司型供應鏈金融

供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)前身往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是(shi)貿(mao)易公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)或者基礎物(wu)流服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)，隨著業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)客(ke)戶需求的(de)(de)增(zeng)加，逐漸演變成綜合(he)性供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)，并衍(yan)生出(chu)(chu)金融服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)種類型的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金融業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)貿(mao)易相結(jie)合(he)，墊資代(dai)采(cai)和(he)(he)代(dai)銷預付(fu)是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)形式(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)種模(mo)式(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)發(fa)展(zhan)很快，但(dan)是(shi)因為(wei)風(feng)險往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)集中在供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)上，也(ye)(ye)容易出(chu)(chu)現(xian)問題，前兩年深圳有一些(xie)這(zhe)種類型的(de)(de)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)出(chu)(chu)了一些(xie)風(feng)險問題。目前業(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)方式(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)在轉變，由(you)原先供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)理公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)集中授信方式(shi)(shi)改為(wei)平(ping)臺型的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)金融方式(shi)(shi)。

4、物流倉儲型供應鏈金融

在(zai)之前，物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)倉(cang)(cang)儲(chu)公司(si)是(shi)金(jin)融機構開(kai)展倉(cang)(cang)單(dan)類供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)融業(ye)(ye)務的(de)監管(guan)方，只是(shi)參與角色(se)之一(yi)。現在(zai)越來(lai)越多的(de)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)倉(cang)(cang)儲(chu)公司(si)自行搭建了供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)融平臺，利用對于(yu)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)貨物(wu)(wu)的(de)掌握，基于(yu)對貨物(wu)(wu)的(de)控制來(lai)實現供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)融，業(ye)(ye)務模式(shi)一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)各種形式(shi)的(de)動產質押，以(yi)及對于(yu)中小型(xing)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)公司(si)的(de)應收賬款融資。目前很多大(da)型(xing)物(wu)(wu)流(liu)(liu)公司(si)都(dou)在(zai)開(kai)展供(gong)(gong)(gong)應鏈(lian)金(jin)融業(ye)(ye)務。

5、資金型供應鏈金融

前面所說的(de)(de)幾類(lei)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)場景(jing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主(zhu)導的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)，還(huan)有(you)(you)一大類(lei)是(shi)(shi)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主(zhu)導的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)，包括銀(yin)(yin)行和非銀(yin)(yin)機構設(she)立的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)業務板塊(kuai)和金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技(ji)公司。這種(zhong)平臺的(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)自帶資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)，本身有(you)(you)貸款資(zi)(zi)質，需要對(dui)接各種(zhong)場景(jing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)，給(gei)場景(jing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)客(ke)戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)融(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)服務。現在(zai)(zai)很多銀(yin)(yin)行，和有(you)(you)實力的(de)(de)非銀(yin)(yin)機構，都(dou)在(zai)(zai)涉足供(gong)(gong)應鏈金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)板塊(kuai)，通過金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)科技(ji)手段，設(she)計金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)產品，并對(dui)接場景(jing)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)業務系(xi)統，通過業務交易數據(ju)(ju)+金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)機構征信數據(ju)(ju)，建立風控(kong)模(mo)型，實現在(zai)(zai)線的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)融(rong)(rong)服務。另外還(huan)有(you)(you)一些國(guo)企(qi)，有(you)(you)著(zhu)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)成本的(de)(de)優勢，也在(zai)(zai)采(cai)用墊資(zi)(zi)代(dai)采(cai)的(de)(de)模(mo)式，充(chong)當資(zi)(zi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)角(jiao)色。