興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)是(shi)唐(tang)長安城三大(da)宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian)(dian)群(三大(da)內:太極(ji)宮(gong)(gong)、大(da)明宮(gong)(gong)、興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong))之一,稱為“南(nan)內”。位于長安外郭東城春明門內。興慶(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)內建有興慶(qing)(qing)殿(dian)(dian)、南(nan)熏(xun)殿(dian)(dian)、大(da)同殿(dian)(dian)、勤政務(wu)本(ben)樓,花萼(e)相輝樓和沉香亭等建筑物(wu)。
唐代的(de)興(xing)慶宮范圍(wei),東至今(jin)仁厚莊與理(li)工大西部,西至今(jin)興(xing)慶西路(lu),南(nan)至今(jin)咸寧西路(lu)中段,北(bei)至今(jin)東關(guan)長樂坊路(lu)南(nan),今(jin)遺址開辟有興(xing)慶宮公(gong)園。
興慶宮是(shi)唐(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)做藩王(wang)時期的(de)府邸,唐(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)登基后(hou)大(da)規模擴建,成為長(chang)安城三大(da)內之一;是(shi)唐(tang)玄(xuan)宗(zong)開元、天寶時代的(de)中國政治中心所在,也是(shi)他(ta)與愛妃楊玉環長(chang)期居(ju)住(zhu)的(de)地方。
天寶十(shi)五年(755年)安(an)史之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)后,興(xing)慶宮(gong)(gong)失去了(le)政治活動中心的地(di)位,成為太上(shang)皇或太后閑居之(zhi)(zhi)所,大(da)多(duo)數時間為太后等后宮(gong)(gong)常(chang)駐之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。唐(tang)末長安(an)城(cheng)被毀,興(xing)慶宮(gong)(gong)便(bian)從(cong)此被廢(fei)棄。
唐玄宗即位之初,標(biao)榜廉潔、勤儉,所以這(zhe)一時期他(ta)在(zai)興(xing)慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建造(zao)的(de)幾座宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿與大(da)明(ming)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)相比,規模并不大(da)。興(xing)慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)歷經擴(kuo)建,宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)占地東(dong)(dong)西(xi)1080米,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)1250米,總占地達2016畝。興(xing)慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)平面為(wei)長方(fang)形,布局一反宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)城(cheng)布局的(de)慣(guan)例,將(jiang)朝(chao)廷與御苑的(de)位置(zhi)顛倒過來,由一道東(dong)(dong)西(xi)墻分隔成北(bei)部(bu)的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殿區(qu)和南(nan)(nan)部(bu)的(de)園林(lin)區(qu)。興(xing)慶宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)四周共(gong)設有(you)六處城(cheng)門(men),正(zheng)門(men)興(xing)慶門(men)在(zai)西(xi)垣偏北(bei)處,西(xi)垣偏南(nan)(nan)有(you)金(jin)明(ming)門(men);東(dong)(dong)垣與興(xing)慶門(men)相對為(wei)金(jin)花門(men),東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)隅為(wei)初陽門(men);
北宮垣(yuan)居中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)躍龍(long)門(men)(men);南(nan)垣(yuan)居中(zhong)外垣(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)通陽門(men)(men)、內垣(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)明光門(men)(men)。朝(chao)會正殿(dian)(dian)興慶(qing)(qing)殿(dian)(dian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)(qun)位于興慶(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)內以北,建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)(qun)坐北朝(chao)南(nan),前(qian)部有(you)(you)(you)大同門(men)(men),門(men)(men)內左右(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鐘、鼓樓,其后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大同殿(dian)(dian),再后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)正殿(dian)(dian)興慶(qing)(qing)殿(dian)(dian),最后(hou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)交泰殿(dian)(dian)。北門(men)(men)躍龍(long)門(men)(men)內中(zhong)軸線上,正殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)薰殿(dian)(dian),宮城東(dong)(dong)北部有(you)(you)(you)新射殿(dian)(dian)、金花(hua)(hua)落等建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。南(nan)部的(de)園林區以龍(long)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心,池(chi)東(dong)(dong)西長915米,南(nan)北寬(kuan)214米,池(chi)東(dong)(dong)北岸有(you)(you)(you)沉香亭和(he)百花(hua)(hua)園,南(nan)岸有(you)(you)(you)五龍(long)壇、龍(long)堂,西南(nan)有(you)(you)(you)花(hua)(hua)萼(e)相(xiang)輝樓、勤(qin)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)本(ben)樓等。池(chi)西南(nan)發掘出17處(chu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑遺址(zhi),文獻(xian)所記花(hua)(hua)萼(e)相(xiang)輝樓、勤(qin)政(zheng)(zheng)務(wu)本(ben)樓等大概就分布在這一帶。相(xiang)傳龍(long)池(chi)中(zhong)曾大量(liang)種植荷花(hua)(hua)、菱角和(he)各種藻類(lei)的(de)隱華植物,池(chi)南(nan)岸還種有(you)(you)(you)可解酒性的(de)醒醉(zui)草。東(dong)(dong)宮垣(yuan)東(dong)(dong)側有(you)(you)(you)夾墻復道與(yu)大明宮、芙蓉園相(xiang)通。 宮內出土裝飾瓦(wa)件種類(lei)甚多,僅蓮花(hua)(hua)紋瓦(wa)當即有(you)(you)(you)73種,又有(you)(you)(you)黃綠兩色琉璃滴水(shui)。
唐代興慶(qing)宮 興慶(qing)宮,位于唐代長安城東門春明門內,屬于長安外郭城的興慶(qing)坊(隆慶(qing)坊),原系唐玄宗登基(ji)(ji)前(qian)的藩邸。 沿革李隆基(ji)(ji)作為藩王時,與(yu)其兄宋(song)王等同住在(zai)長安繁華地帶東市附近并有園林景勝的隆慶(qing)坊,號稱“五(wu)王子宅(zhai)”。
先天(tian)元(yuan)(yuan)年(公元(yuan)(yuan)712年),李隆基登上皇帝寶座,是為唐(tang)玄宗(唐(tang)明皇),為避其(qi)名諱而將隆慶坊(fang)改名興慶坊(fang)。
開元(yuan)(yuan)二年(公元(yuan)(yuan)714年),將其(qi)同父(fu)異(yi)母的(de)四位兄弟的(de)府邸遷(qian)往(wang)興慶坊(fang)(fang)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)、以(yi)北的(de)鄰(lin)坊(fang)(fang),將興慶坊(fang)(fang)全(quan)坊(fang)(fang)改為興慶宮(gong)。 開元(yuan)(yuan)八年(720),在興慶宮(gong)西(xi)(xi)南部(bu)建成(cheng)花萼相輝樓和勤政務(wu)本樓。
開(kai)元(yuan)十(shi)四年(726),興(xing)慶宮建(jian)造朝堂(tang)并擴大范圍,將(jiang)北(bei)側(ce)永嘉坊的南半部和(he)西側(ce)勝業坊的東(dong)半部并入。 開(kai)元(yuan)十(shi)六(liu)年(728)經擴建(jian),正(zheng)式(shi)成為玄宗聽政之所,號(hao)稱“南內”。
開元二(er)十(shi)年(732),在外郭城東垣增(zeng)筑(zhu)了一道夾城,使(shi)得皇家可以從興慶宮直接與大明宮、曲江池(chi)相(xiang)通(tong)。后來在興慶宮南側又(you)增(zeng)筑(zhu)了一道夾城。
開元二十年(nian)至二十四年(nian)(732~736),向西擴建花(hua)萼相輝(hui)樓。
天(tian)寶十(shi)年(nian)(751),在興(xing)慶殿后(hou)增建交泰殿。
天(tian)寶十二年(753),維修(xiu)宮垣。
1955年(nian),國務院決定(ding)交(jiao)(jiao)通大(da)(da)學由上(shang)海西(xi)遷到西(xi)安市(shi)(shi),這是黨中央的(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)(da)決策。陜(shan)西(xi)省、西(xi)安市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)領導無疑是十(shi)分重(zhong)視的(de)(de)。省市(shi)(shi)領導幫助(zhu)交(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)選擇了在(zai)(zai)古長安的(de)(de)唐興(xing)慶宮(gong)遺(yi)址的(de)(de)南面建(jian)(jian)設交(jiao)(jiao)通大(da)(da)學。與(yu)此(ci)同時,西(xi)安市(shi)(shi)政府(fu)(fu)決定(ding)在(zai)(zai)唐興(xing)慶宮(gong)的(de)(de)遺(yi)址上(shang),建(jian)(jian)立(li)西(xi)安市(shi)(shi)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)公園(yuan)——興(xing)慶公園(yuan)。這真(zhen)是珠聯璧(bi)合,把培養現代高(gao)(gao)科技知識人才(cai)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)等學府(fu)(fu)交(jiao)(jiao)通大(da)(da)學與(yu)盛(sheng)唐時代的(de)(de)文化遺(yi)址興(xing)慶宮(gong)綜合在(zai)(zai)一起。
1957年,陜西(xi)省文物(wu)管理(li)委(wei)員會對興慶宮做了比(bi)較(jiao)全(quan)面(mian)的考古(gu)勘察。
1958年初,中國科學院考古研(yan)究所協助西(xi)安(an)市(shi)文物管理(li)委員(yuan)會(hui),進行了以西(xi)南部(bu)建(jian)筑遺址為(wei)主的發掘,配合“興(xing)慶公園”建(jian)設,清(qing)理(li)出十七座建(jian)筑遺址。
1958年春(chun)天,西安(an)市(shi)決(jue)定動(dong)(dong)工建設(she)興慶(qing)公(gong)園,公(gong)園占地48.6公(gong)頃。開渠引水,挖湖疊山,植樹種花(hua),根(gen)據歷史遺跡(ji),興建亭臺樓(lou)閣(ge),如(ru)沉香亭、南薰閣(ge)、花(hua)萼相輝樓(lou)等等。全(quan)市(shi)黨(dang)政(zheng)軍民學,男女老(lao)少,踴躍(yue)參加興慶(qing)公(gong)園義務(wu)勞動(dong)(dong)累計達17萬人次。交大人與西安(an)市(shi)各(ge)界人民一起,多次參加勞動(dong)(dong) 。