一.產品介紹
偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)羊(yang)(yang)肉產(chan)于(yu)山西省忻(xin)州市偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。在當地農(nong)戶(hu)(hu)有傳統的養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)習慣,具有悠(you)久的養(yang)(yang)殖歷史,養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)是偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)主要(yao)的傳統優(you)勢產(chan)業(ye)(ye)。早在黨(dang)的十一屆(jie)三中全會前,全縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)年(nian)存欄數就穩(wen)定在12萬(wan)(wan)只左右(you),到(dao)二十世紀90年(nian)代,養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)穩(wen)定在36萬(wan)(wan)只左右(you),養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)已(yi)由農(nong)戶(hu)(hu)的家庭副業(ye)(ye)逐(zhu)步(bu)上升為主導產(chan)業(ye)(ye)和(he)家庭收(shou)入的主要(yao)來(lai)源。近年(nian)來(lai),偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)把舍(she)飼育肥羊(yang)(yang)作為農(nong)業(ye)(ye)結構戰略調整的重(zhong)點科技開(kai)發(fa)項目,使傳統的數量型放牧(mu)養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)向(xiang)現代的效益型舍(she)飼育肥轉變,逐(zhu)步(bu)走上專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)、工(gong)廠化(hua)(hua)、市場化(hua)(hua)的生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展道路。偏(pian)(pian)關(guan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)被國家確(que)定為生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境建(jian)設重(zhong)點縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)優(you)質肉羊(yang)(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技術示(shi)范縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),被山西省政府(fu)確(que)定為畜(chu)牧(mu)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)開(kai)發(fa)示(shi)范縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),是全省的養(yang)(yang)羊(yang)(yang)大縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),羊(yang)(yang)已(yi)發(fa)展到(dao)60萬(wan)(wan)多只,已(yi)成(cheng)為支(zhi)柱產(chan)業(ye)(ye)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷(li)史因素
1.牧(mu)草(cao)資源(yuan)條(tiao)(tiao)件:偏(pian)關縣(xian)屬純農業(ye)(ye)縣(xian),農作物秸稈種類繁多而(er)且非常充足,由于地(di)處丘(qiu)陵區,境內(nei)溝(gou)壑縱橫(heng),天(tian)然(ran)牧(mu)草(cao)資源(yuan)極為(wei)豐(feng)富(fu),人工機械(xie)種草(cao)面積廣闊(kuo),全縣(xian)擁有牧(mu)坡120萬畝(mu),其中以檸條(tiao)(tiao)為(wei)主的(de)改良草(cao)地(di)60萬畝(mu),由于采(cai)用放牧(mu)和(he)圈(quan)養(yang)相結合的(de)飼養(yang)方式,羊能吃到豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)含有高蛋(dan)白的(de)紫花苜(mu)蓿草(cao)和(he)多種天(tian)然(ran)藥材植被,羊肉(rou)品質不言而(er)喻。得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)的(de)自然(ran)優勢也是養(yang)羊為(wei)主的(de)畜(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)成為(wei)支柱產業(ye)(ye)的(de)必然(ran)條(tiao)(tiao)件。隨著退耕還林還草(cao)的(de)全面推(tui)進(jin),偏(pian)關縣(xian)以養(yang)羊為(wei)主的(de)畜(chu)牧(mu)業(ye)(ye)還會有更長遠(yuan)的(de)發展(zhan)。
2.水(shui)資源(yuan)條件:偏關(guan)縣(xian)地(di)處黃(huang)河(he)之濱,屬(shu)黃(huang)河(he)水(shui)系,主要有(you)黃(huang)河(he)支流(liu)的(de)關(guan)河(he)、縣(xian)川(chuan)河(he)、楊(yang)家(jia)川(chuan)河(he),除(chu)黃(huang)河(he)外,其它河(he)流(liu)一般均呈東北(bei)——西南發育(yu)。本縣(xian)大部(bu)隸屬(shu)關(guan)河(he)和縣(xian)川(chuan)河(he)流(liu)域。地(di)下水(shui)可采量(liang)0.24億立方米(mi)/年,各(ge)類地(di)下水(shui)質優良,礦(kuang)化度少于(yu)0.5克/升,屬(shu)輕碳酸鈣鎂型水(shui)質,非(fei)常適合人畜飲用,加上飲水(shui)解困工程的(de)全面實施(shi),通(tong)過集雨面村村全覆蓋實現了羊飲用水(shui)的(de)優質供(gong)給,優質豐富(fu)的(de)水(shui)資源(yuan)非(fei)常有(you)利于(yu)發展畜牧養羊業。
3.氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件:偏(pian)關縣(xian)屬北溫(wen)帶大陸(lu)性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)。冬季(ji)(ji)寒(han)冷(leng)(leng)少雪,春季(ji)(ji)溫(wen)暖干燥,夏季(ji)(ji)炎熱而雨(yu)量集中(zhong),秋季(ji)(ji)涼爽而明快。年平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)變(bian)化(hua)于3℃-8℃,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)屬大陸(lu)性半(ban)干燥區,寒(han)冷(leng)(leng)干燥多(duo)風(feng)沙,一月最冷(leng)(leng),平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-10℃,七月最熱,平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)23℃,全(quan)年日(ri)照2677天。這樣的氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)條件使得羊在生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育階段疾病發(fa)生(sheng)率很小,羊肉品質也頗高。總之氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)涼爽、光(guang)照充(chong)足、晝夜溫(wen)差大的偏(pian)關非常適合肉羊的生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育。
三.地域范圍
偏關縣(xian)位于晉西北(bei)(bei)黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)高原,地處黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)中上(shang)(shang)游黃(huang)(huang)土(tu)丘陵區,為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)從內(nei)蒙入晉南流的交匯處,境內(nei)山地屬(shu)管埁山脈。東與神池、朔州市接壤,西臨黃(huang)(huang)河(he)(he)與內(nei)蒙古(gu)準格爾旗隔河(he)(he)相望(wang),南與河(he)(he)曲(qu)、五寨兩縣(xian)相連,北(bei)(bei)靠長城與內(nei)蒙古(gu)清水河(he)(he)縣(xian)毗鄰。地理坐(zuo)標(biao):東經111°21′—112°00′,北(bei)(bei)緯39°12′—39°39′,縣(xian)域面積1685.4平方公里。偏關羊肉地理標(biao)志產品保護范圍包括偏關縣(xian)境內(nei)的老營鎮、天(tian)峰(feng)(feng)坪鎮、新關鎮、萬(wan)家(jia)寨鎮、水泉鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、陳(chen)家(jia)營鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、窯(yao)頭鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、樓溝(gou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、尚峪鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南堡子鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)10個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮248個村。東至老營鎮賈(jia)堡村,西至天(tian)峰(feng)(feng)坪鎮梨園(yuan)村,北(bei)(bei)至萬(wan)家(jia)寨鎮滑石(shi)村,南至樓溝(gou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)楊(yang)家(jia)窯(yao)村。近幾(ji)年來,我縣(xian)養羊從欄(lan)在(zai)60萬(wan)只以上(shang)(shang),年出(chu)欄(lan)為(wei)20萬(wan)只左右,產量2500噸。
四.產品(pin)品(pin)質(zhi)特性特征
1.外在(zai)感官(guan)特征(zheng):偏關羊肉(rou)(rou)肉(rou)(rou)質鮮嫩,紅(hong)白(bai)分明,肥而不膩(ni),主要來源于烏珠(zhu)穆沁(qin)和(he)小(xiao)尾寒(han)羊的雜交品種。
2.內在品質指標:偏關羊(yang)肉(rou)經天津普尼測試公司檢測得含蛋白(bai)質≥16.5g/100g;熱(re)量≥405kJ/100g;水分≥60.1;脂肪≤9.6g/100g,不飽和脂肪酸≥0.47g/100g;鈣≥5.05;磷(lin)150-230mg/100g;鉀230-420mg/100g;鈉6.8-11mg/100g,屬(shu)高蛋白(bai),低(di)脂肪、低(di)膽固醇的綠(lv)色食療保健食品。
3.安(an)全要(yao)求:偏關羊肉(rou)生產(chan)符合無公(gong)害食品(pin)NY5147-2002畜肉(rou)類(lei)產(chan)品(pin)產(chan)地環境條件,以及(ji)NY/5151-2002肉(rou)羊飼養(yang)管理準則,NY5149-2002肉(rou)羊飼養(yang)獸(shou)醫防疫(yi)準則等相關標準和要(yao)求。
五.特定生產方式
1.預(yu)飼(si)(si)期(qi):羔(gao)羊(yang)進入育肥(fei)圈后,不論采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)強度育肥(fei),還是一般育肥(fei),都(dou)要(yao)(yao)經過預(yu)飼(si)(si)過渡期(qi)。預(yu)飼(si)(si)期(qi)大致(zhi)為(wei)半(ban)個月,分做三步(bu)(bu):第(di)(di)(di)一步(bu)(bu)1--3天(tian)(tian)(tian),只喂(wei)(wei)(wei)干(gan)草,讓羔(gao)羊(yang)適應新環境,在這之(zhi)后,仍(reng)以(yi)干(gan)草日(ri)糧為(wei)主,并逐步(bu)(bu)添加第(di)(di)(di)二步(bu)(bu)日(ri)糧。從第(di)(di)(di)7天(tian)(tian)(tian)開始進入第(di)(di)(di)二步(bu)(bu),喂(wei)(wei)(wei)到第(di)(di)(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian),進入第(di)(di)(di)三步(bu)(bu),到第(di)(di)(di)15天(tian)(tian)(tian)正式進入育肥(fei)期(qi)。預(yu)飼(si)(si)期(qi)第(di)(di)(di)二步(bu)(bu)(第(di)(di)(di)7--10天(tian)(tian)(tian))用(yong)(yong)的參考(kao)日(ri)糧配方如(ru)(ru)下:玉米粒26%、餅粕類(lei)10%、干(gan)草62%、添加劑2%。預(yu)飼(si)(si)期(qi)第(di)(di)(di)三步(bu)(bu)(第(di)(di)(di)10--14天(tian)(tian)(tian))用(yong)(yong)的參考(kao)日(ri)糧配方如(ru)(ru)下:玉米粒38%、餅粕類(lei)10%、干(gan)草50%、添加劑2%。預(yu)飼(si)(si)期(qi)的飼(si)(si)養管(guan)理要(yao)(yao)點:投喂(wei)(wei)(wei)飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)不宜用(yong)(yong)自動飼(si)(si)槽,應用(yong)(yong)普通飼(si)(si)槽喂(wei)(wei)(wei),一天(tian)(tian)(tian)兩交。飼(si)(si)槽長度按照羔(gao)羊(yang)的多少(shao)來(lai)定(ding),平(ping)均(jun)每只羔(gao)羊(yang)為(wei)25--30厘米,保證羔(gao)羊(yang)在投喂(wei)(wei)(wei)時都(dou)能(neng)夠(gou)到飼(si)(si)槽前吃食。投料(liao)(liao)量(liang)(liang)以(yi)能(neng)在30--45分鐘吃盡為(wei)準。量(liang)(liang)不夠(gou)要(yao)(yao)添,量(liang)(liang)過多要(yao)(yao)清(qing)掃。羔(gao)羊(yang)吃食中要(yao)(yao)注意(yi)觀察羔(gao)羊(yang)的采(cai)(cai)食行(xing)為(wei)和習(xi)慣,羔(gao)羊(yang)大小、品種和個體間的采(cai)(cai)食差異(yi),通過調整加以(yi)照顧。加大喂(wei)(wei)(wei)飼(si)(si)量(liang)(liang)和變換(huan)日(ri)糧配方都(dou)應在2--3天(tian)(tian)(tian)內完成,切忌變換(huan)過快(kuai)。根據(ju)羔(gao)羊(yang)表(biao)現(xian),發現(xian)所用(yong)(yong)日(ri)糧不夠(gou)完善,應調整飼(si)(si)料(liao)(liao)各類(lei)和飼(si)(si)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)方案。
2.正式育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)期(qi)(qi):預(yu)飼(si)(si)(si)期(qi)(qi)結(jie)束,進入(ru)正式育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)期(qi)(qi)。根據育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)計(ji)(ji)劃和增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求確定日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(粗飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、青貯型(xing)(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和精飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。)因精飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)所(suo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求羊(yang)(yang)只(zhi)(zhi)體況、管理(li)水(shui)平較(jiao)高(gao),一般(ban)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)戶不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)易做(zuo)到(dao)(dao),在(zai)此只(zhi)(zhi)介(jie)紹(shao)前兩種(zhong)。粗飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)——普通飼(si)(si)(si)槽(cao)用(yong)(yong)。飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)管理(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)點:嚴格(ge)按照漸加(jia)慢原則,逐(zhu)步轉(zhuan)身(shen)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。達到(dao)(dao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)后,將問題均(jun)分成兩份,早晚各喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一份。每次(ci)給(gei)料(liao)時(shi),先喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)玉米(mi)和蛋白質(zhi)補充劑(ji)(精料(liao)),等候片刻,吃(chi)完后再給(gei)干(gan)草(cao)。喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)精料(liao)時(shi)如(ru)果羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)吃(chi)后有剩余,說明喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)偏高(gao),應(ying)(ying)及時(shi)加(jia)以調整。飼(si)(si)(si)槽(cao)長(chang)度按羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)數來定,平均(jun)1只(zhi)(zhi)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)分到(dao)(dao)30厘(li)米(mi)即(ji)可,長(chang)度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足,會造成羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)吃(chi)食(shi)擁擠,強(qiang)占弱(ruo)讓,既不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)提高(gao)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)效(xiao)(xiao)果,也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)便于(yu)(yu)觀察羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)采食(shi)情況和統計(ji)(ji)進食(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。每天(tian)(tian)打掃(sao)飼(si)(si)(si)槽(cao),保(bao)持清(qing)潔。注意(yi)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)衛生(sheng),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)污染,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變(bian)質(zhi)。干(gan)草(cao)如(ru)葉少莖(jing)梗多,喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)此規定給(gei)量(liang)(liang)(liang)多10%--20%,保(bao)證羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)可以獲(huo)得(de)標準水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)分和能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)前要(yao)(yao)(yao)稱(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)靠(kao)估計(ji)(ji)。飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)員的(de)(de)(de)責任心(xin)和經驗(yan)常比全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)價日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)更重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao),這直接關系到(dao)(dao)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)成效(xiao)(xiao)。青貯飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。本(ben)型(xing)(xing)口糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)以玉米(mi)青貯飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)為主(zhu),占到(dao)(dao)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)67.5%--7.5%,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)初期(qi)(qi)。飼(si)(si)(si)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)后的(de)(de)(de)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)幅度應(ying)(ying)在(zai)110--160克(ke)之(zhi)間。日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)達不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求,一是會延長(chang)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)期(qi)(qi),二(er)是增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)了單位增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。其(qi)次(ci),青貯飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)短期(qi)(qi)強(qiang)度育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang),可以用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)期(qi)(qi)多于(yu)(yu)80天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)體小羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)。飼(si)(si)(si)養(yang)(yang)管理(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)點:羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)先喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10-14天(tian)(tian)預(yu)飼(si)(si)(si)期(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),再轉(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)青貯飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)型(xing)(xing)育(yu)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。本(ben)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)糧(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)開(kai)始時(shi)適(shi)當控(kong)制(zhi)喂(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)量(liang)(liang)(liang),逐(zhu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia),10--14天(tian)(tian)內達到(dao)(dao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。嚴格(ge)配比操作,混合必須(xu)均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)。每天(tian)(tian)清(qing)掃(sao)飼(si)(si)(si)槽(cao)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)達到(dao)(dao)預(yu)計(ji)(ji)日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)增(zeng)(zeng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),羔(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)羊(yang)(yang)每日(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)(ri)進食(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)(yu)2.30千克(ke)。添加(jia)劑(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可少,按規定數量(liang)(liang)(liang)攪拌均(jun)勻(yun)(yun)。飼(si)(si)(si)料(liao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)過磅稱(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)估計(ji)(ji)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。