1、銅鼓十二調(貴州省),編號:Ⅱ-60
(1)批(pi)(pi)次/類型:2006年(第一批(pi)(pi)),新增項目
(2)申報地區或(huo)單位(wei):貴州省鎮寧布依族苗族自治(zhi)縣
(3)保護單位:鎮寧(ning)布依族苗族自治縣(xian)文(wen)化館
2、銅鼓十二調(貴州省),編號:Ⅱ-60
(1)批(pi)次/類型(xing):2006年(第一批(pi)),新增項(xiang)目(mu)
(2)申報(bao)地區或(huo)單位:貴州省貞豐縣
(3)保護單(dan)位:貞豐縣文化(hua)館
貞豐縣位于貴州省黔(qian)西(xi)南布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)自治州東部,這是一個多(duo)民族(zu)聚居(ju)的地區,其(qi)中布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)聚居(ju)的自然村寨有四百多(duo)個。布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)沒有文字,"銅鼓十二(er)則"以(yi)家族(zu)方式傳承,一代(dai)一代(dai)通過口(kou)傳心(xin)授沿(yan)襲下來。
據(ju)史書記載(zai),布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)先民在2000多(duo)年前,就開始鑄(zhu)造銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)了。傳說銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)是(shi)布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)先祖(zu)古百(bai)越(yue)(yue)"駱越(yue)(yue)"一(yi)支所造。因(yin)此被布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)人視為傳家(jia)寶和氏族(zu)(zu)(zu)、宗教團結的象征,敬(jing)若神靈,年年施祭,歲歲禮拜。布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)十二調流(liu)傳在扁擔(dan)山、丁旗鎮(zhen)、大山鄉(xiang)、城關鎮(zhen)、六馬鄉(xiang)、沙子鄉(xiang)、良田鄉(xiang)、募役鄉(xiang)布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)聚居區(qu),并(bing)輻射到關嶺自(zi)治縣(xian)(xian)、六枝特區(qu)、普定縣(xian)(xian)等周邊(bian)布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)地區(qu),形成(cheng)了一(yi)個覆蓋幾縣(xian)(xian)范圍的布(bu)依族(zu)(zu)(zu)民間銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)文化圈。
因(yin)(yin)為銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)和(he)鐓(dui)于(yu)有(you)許多(duo)共(gong)同的(de)地方。例(li)如(ru)都是一頭有(you)面(mian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)無底,用銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄成。越南(nan)清化(hua)東山出(chu)士的(de)一面(mian)小銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),鼓(gu)面(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心還(huan)鑄出(chu)一個(ge)站(zhan)立的(de)考(kao)虎(hu),形狀更(geng)與虎(hu)鈕(niu)鐓(dui)于(yu)相似,它(ta)很可能就是鐓(dui)于(yu)向銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)演(yan)化(hua)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間形式。從(cong)產生(sheng)的(de)年代看,鐓(dui)于(yu)早于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu),安徽(hui)縣和(he)壽縣出(chu)土(tu)的(de)春秋時代鐓(dui)于(yu)便是例(li)證。但是后來出(chu)土(tu)的(de)材料(liao)證明銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)和(he)鐓(dui)于(yu)在(zai)春秋時期(qi)都同時存在(zai),沒有(you)早晚(wan)之分,如(ru)果(guo)就銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)產生(sheng)地的(de)云南(nan)來講(jiang),鐓(dui)于(yu)的(de)發現就比(bi)較(jiao)晚(wan)了,只(zhi)在(zai)西(xi)漢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)石寨山古(gu)墓出(chu)土(tu)的(de)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)貯(zhu)器上,才(cai)看到鐓(dui)于(yu)和(he)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)掛在(zai)一起敲擊的(de)現象,因(yin)(yin)此鐓(dui)于(yu)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)產生(sheng)以后才(cai)傳(chuan)入的(de)。
清人(ren)李調元(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)所著《南越筆記》中(zhong)說:南方多雨, 皮鼓(gu)(gu)容(rong)(rong)易受潮(chao),就改鑄成(cheng)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)。法國人(ren)赫斯,也(ye)提過(guo)同樣的主張。1890年他(ta)在(zai)《北(bei)印度銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)》一文(wen)中(zhong)猜測說,公元(yuan)(yuan)一世紀時,中(zhong)國用兵南方,遇到潮(chao)濕季(ji)節,皮鼓(gu)(gu)容(rong)(rong)易損(sun)壞,主將便造(zao)出來(lai)。這(zhe)些看法,有邏(luo)輯推(tui)理,也(ye)有據(ju)氣候(hou)因(yin)素加以猜想,缺(que)乏實物依據(ju),很難成(cheng)立。
1964年,祥(xiang)云(yun)縣(xian)(xian)大(da)被那村發現一座木(mu)槨 銅棺墓(mu),隨(sui)葬品有一具原(yuan)始銅鼓(gu)(gu)和(he)一件銅釜,如果(guo)把銅釜來(lai)個底朝(chao)天倒放(fang),兩者十分相像。1976年馮漢驥先(xian)生在(zai)《云(yun)南晉寧出土銅鼓(gu)(gu)研究》一文中,進一步(bu)通(tong)過(guo)祥(xiang)云(yun)大(da)波那木(mu)槨棺墓(mu)出土的(de)(de)(de)銅鼓(gu)(gu)和(he)銅釜的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)比(bi),提出"從早期銅鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)制(zhi)來(lai)看,它(ta)似乎(hu)是(shi)一種(zhong)實用器〈銅釜〉發展(zhan)而(er)來(lai)。"進一步(bu)考(kao)察(cha)與原(yuan)始銅鼓(gu)(gu)相似的(de)(de)(de)"鍋釜",除在(zai)祥(xiang)云(yun)縣(xian)(xian)大(da)波那出土過(guo)一件之外,楚雄市萬家壩、呈貢(gong)縣(xian)(xian)天子(zi)廟、曲靖市珠(zhu)街八塔臺等地古(gu)墓(mu)葬中都出土過(guo)。這種(zhong)銅釜是(shi)由同(tong)形(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)釜演(yan)變來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。與原(yuan)始銅鼓(gu)(gu)相似的(de)(de)(de)炊具陶(tao)釜,產生于新器時代,到銅器時代仍然繼(ji)續流行(xing),人們仿(fang)照(zhao)它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀制(zhi)作了銅釜,又根據銅釜的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀,鑄造出初期的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)始銅鼓(gu)(gu)。
這(zhe)當是銅鼓(gu)起源發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)序列。布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)使用銅鼓(gu)的(de)(de)(de)歷史源遠流長。早在(zai)先(xian)秦時(shi)(shi)期,布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)先(xian)民(min)(min)就使用過銅鼓(gu),只是這(zhe)一時(shi)(shi)期還沒有(you)關于(yu)銅鼓(gu)的(de)(de)(de)文獻記載。但(dan)晉寧石寨(zhai)山(shan)及(ji)相(xiang)鄰的(de)(de)(de)江川李家山(shan)、楚雄萬(wan)家壩、祥云大波那等地(di)出士的(de)(de)(de)銅鼓(gu),許多學者(zhe)認為(wei)應屬于(yu)"耕(geng)田,有(you)邑聚(ju)"的(de)(de)(de)"推(tui)鬢(bin)"民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu),而這(zhe)一族(zu)(zu)(zu)系應與古老民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)(zu)"百(bai)濮"有(you)關。關于(yu)布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)族(zu)(zu)(zu)源,學術界有(you)人認為(wei)布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)族(zu)(zu)(zu)源是濮族(zu)(zu)(zu)。云南(nan)大學教授(shou)尤中(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)貴州(zhou)境內的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)在(zai)名稱(cheng)上都帶有(you)一個濮(今布(bu)(bu))字的(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)留:江應梁著《說濮》中(zhong)(zhong)也有(you)布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)來自濮族(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)說法(fa)。由此(ci)可見,先(xian)秦,西漢時(shi)(shi)期布(bu)(bu)依(yi)族(zu)(zu)(zu)先(xian)民(min)(min)就使用過銅鼓(gu)。
布(bu)依族最早使用(yong)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)且有(you)文獻記載可(ke)追溯到東漢、魏晉時期(qi)。《后漢書·馬(ma)援傳》寫道: 馬(ma)援"好騎,善別名(ming)馬(ma),于(yu)交趾得駱越銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),乃鑄成馬(ma)式,還,上之(zhi)。"這(zhe)是我國古代文獻對(dui)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)最早記錄。東漢魏晉時期(qi)有(you)關銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)記載,凡事(shi)明確提(ti)及(ji)族稱的(de)都與僚有(you)關。裴淵《廣州記》說(shuo)"俚僚貴銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)。唯高大(da)為貴。面闊丈余,方以(yi)(yi)為奇,初成懸(xuan)于(yu)庭(ting)。克晨置(zhi)酒招致同類,來(lai)者盈川(chuan),其(qi)中豪(hao)富子女(nv),以(yi)(yi)金(jin)銀為釵(chai),執(zhi)以(yi)(yi)叩鼓(gu)(gu)(gu),竟留遺主人(ren),名(ming)曰"銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)釵(chai)"。布(bu)依族是駱越,俚僚族系的(de)后裔。因此,布(bu)依族是最早使用(yong)銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)民族之(zhi)一。
元明清時期,布依(yi)族使用銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)更為(wei)(wei)廣泛(fan),而且(qie)形(xing)成一種習俗。《貴(gui)(gui)州通志》記載:"仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家…… 以十二月為(wei)(wei)歲首,俗尚銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu),中空無底,時時擊(ji)以為(wei)(wei)娛。土(tu)人或掘地得鼓(gu)(gu),即(ji)張言諸葛武侯所藏(zang)者(zhe),富者(zhe)爭購, 即(ji)百(bai)牛不惜也(ye)。"《(皇清職(zhi)貢圖)卷八又說: "補籠苗(miao), …散處貴(gui)(gui)陽, 安順(shun)、南(nan)籠、平越、都勻等處…歲首男(nan)女相聚擊(ji)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu),吹蘆(lu)笙(sheng)為(wei)(wei)樂(le)。"《黔苗(miao)詩說》也(ye)說"補籠風俗未相懸(xuan),仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子分支色總研。獨怪(guai)殘冬寒雪里(li),齊撾(zhua)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)樂(le)新年。""補籠"為(wei)(wei)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家之(zhi)一支("仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子分支")。"仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家"即(ji)今布依(yi)族。
直到今天,許多布依族村(cun)寨仍保留(liu)有(you)使用(yong)銅鼓(gu)的習俗,幾(ji)乎所有(you)的布依族村(cun)寨都有(you)一面銅鼓(gu)。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)是布依族(zu)文化中不(bu)可獲(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)分(fen),布依人稱銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)為(wei)安您(音譯)。在(zai)其漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過程中,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)功(gong)能在(zai)不(bu)斷轉變(bian)著。早(zao)期(qi)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)主(zhu)要作為(wei)樂器,也兼(jian)(jian)作炊具(ju),隨著時間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推移,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)又成(cheng)為(wei)祭祀活(huo)動(dong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神器,兼(jian)(jian)作禮(li)具(ju),象(xiang)征(zheng)(zheng)著社(she)會(hui)財富和社(she)會(hui)權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)器,甚至用作葬具(ju)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)通體用銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鑄成(cheng),呈圓墩形(xing)。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面園而(er)平,下接(jie)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)身,連接(jie)部(bu)份略(lve)向外凸,曲腰、中空、圓形(xing)敞(chang)口(kou)底,兩側(ce)有耳(er)。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體多(duo)為(wei)太(tai)陽紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen),從中心呈放射狀光芒,周圍(wei)為(wei)多(duo)層同心環(huan)帶,由(you)寬窄(zhai)不(bu)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖案組成(cheng),被稱為(wei)暈圈(quan)。花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)繁(fan)縟(ru)多(duo)彩(cai),這些紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)無不(bu)表現(xian)布依族(zu)依山傍水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境風貌,具(ju)有十分(fen)濃郁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)色彩(cai)和時代(dai)特征(zheng)(zheng)。這些圖紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與(yu)(yu)布依族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原始崇(chong)拜有關(guan),描繪了人們信(xin)仰、崇(chong)拜、欣賞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事物(wu)。像太(tai)陽紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、云(yun)雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、水(shui)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、圈(quan)點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、角形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)等,都與(yu)(yu)布依族(zu)人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)生活(huo)關(guan)系密切,太(tai)陽紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)源于(yu)火(huo)崇(chong)拜,水(shui)波(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、漩渦紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與(yu)(yu)水(shui)崇(chong)拜有關(guan),云(yun)雷紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)來源于(yu)天崇(chong)拜、雷崇(chong)拜,齒形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)與(yu)(yu)山崇(chong)拜有關(guan),三角紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、菱形(xing)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)來源于(yu)魚(yu)崇(chong)拜,由(you)魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同部(bu)位演變(bian)分(fen)化而(er)成(cheng)。
布依族(zu)地區幾(ji)乎每個(ge)(ge)村寨都有(you)(you)一(yi)面銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)到(dao)數面銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu),有(you)(you)的(de)是(shi)家族(zu)共用一(yi)面,有(you)(you)的(de)是(shi)幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)姓(xing)共用,通常都是(shi)族(zu)中的(de)長者或有(you)(you)一(yi)定威望的(de)人(ren)家保存。陳(chen)忠恒老(lao)人(ren)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)寨子中為數不多的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)師之一(yi)。"銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)布依族(zu)的(de)寶(bao)貝寶(bao)物,很珍貴的(de)。銅(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)是(shi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)民族(zu)的(de)象征(zheng),象征(zheng)著整個(ge)(ge)民族(zu)的(de)團結。我(wo)(wo)們(men)陳(chen)氏家族(zu)中這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)鼓(gu)(gu)是(shi)老(lao)輩人(ren)傳下來。據老(lao)人(ren)說,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)那個(ge)(ge)時(shi)候的(de)戰鼓(gu)(gu),戰爭(zheng)用的(de)。在調北征(zheng)南的(de)時(shi)候我(wo)(wo)們(men)是(shi)先頭部隊。"
對于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)來(lai)歷說(shuo)法(fa)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),老(lao)人所說(shuo)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)流傳較廣(guang)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個說(shuo)法(fa)。在明朝洪武年(nian)間調北(bei)征(zheng)南時(shi)(shi),銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)被(bei)作為(wei)戰(zhan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)而制。南征(zheng)勝(sheng)利后,布(bu)依(yi)人認為(wei)勝(sheng)利是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)有(you)(you)了這(zhe)戰(zhan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),故把(ba)(ba)(ba)這(zhe)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)叫做(zuo)'安您',漢語(yu)就是(shi)(shi)"勝(sheng)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)"的(de)(de)意思。民間還(huan)(huan)有(you)(you)這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個說(shuo)法(fa),相傳,古時(shi)(shi)候(hou)布(bu)依(yi)族沒有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),老(lao)人死后無法(fa)超度,逢年(nian)過(guo)節(jie)(jie)也無法(fa)邀(yao)請祖先(xian)下凡一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)歡度節(jie)(jie)日,有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個叫布(bu)杰的(de)(de)布(bu)依(yi)族祖先(xian),憑(ping)借著自己的(de)(de)勇(yong)敢、機智(zhi)和一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)片孝(xiao)心,終于(yu)感動(dong)了玉帝,并得到(dao)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)面銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),地(di)(di)上有(you)(you)了銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),老(lao)人過(guo)世,只要(yao)敲著銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)超度,仙(xian)神就會把(ba)(ba)(ba)老(lao)人接到(dao)天(tian)上為(wei)仙(xian),逢年(nian)過(guo)節(jie)(jie)祭(ji)祀(si)祖先(xian)時(shi)(shi)擊銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),祖先(xian)就會下凡一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)歡度節(jie)(jie)日,保佑子孫平安,六畜(chu)興旺,五(wu)谷豐登。無論說(shuo)它是(shi)(shi)戰(zhan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)還(huan)(huan)是(shi)(shi)天(tian)神所賜,都(dou)可見其在布(bu)依(yi)族中的(de)(de)神圣地(di)(di)位,因此(ci)在使用的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)也有(you)(you)著嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)規定。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)對于(yu)當(dang)地(di)(di)布(bu)依(yi)族人民來(lai)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)神圣的(de)(de),到(dao)過(guo)年(nian)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)把(ba)(ba)(ba)它擺出來(lai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個月,拿出來(lai)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)要(yao)有(you)(you)貢品(pin),比如殺雞,還(huan)(huan)要(yao)拿一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)刀頭啦粑粑啦等等。過(guo)年(nian)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)大年(nian)三十開始,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)敲就要(yao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)正月全部敲完,每(mei)天(tian)都(dou)要(yao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)掛(gua)起(qi)來(lai),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家的(de)(de)掛(gua)。正月二十八那天(tian)就把(ba)(ba)(ba)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)請回去封存起(qi)來(lai)。到(dao)秋(qiu)收或(huo)特別熱鬧的(de)(de)場合(he)才能再請出來(lai)。
布依族視銅(tong)鼓為有靈性之物(wu),兩耳上系(xi)著紅(hong)綢以示(shi)鎮壓邪惡,平時他們(men)也不(bu)讓銅(tong)鼓"見(jian)天"。會(hui)放進谷堆中存放或(huo)是以一丈二的紅(hong)布遮蓋(gai)。
銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)只在過年或"砍嘎"、送喪等(deng)隆(long)重場合(he)時(shi)使用。動用銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)時(shi),都要舉行(xing)莊嚴(yan)而(er)神(shen)秘的(de)祭(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)儀式。寨中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)率領寨中(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)有已成家立業的(de)男人一起進(jin)行(xing)莊嚴(yan)的(de)祭(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)儀式。長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe)帶頭喊出他們祖輩相傳(chuan)的(de)祭(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)詞,晚輩們附和著長(chang)者(zhe)(zhe),潑出碗中(zhong)(zhong)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)的(de)米酒。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是布依族的(de)神(shen)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),布依族人民很尊重它,所(suo)以每年祭(ji)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)都是大(da)家同時(shi)來(lai)祭(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu),能來(lai)的(de)都來(lai),把貢品(pin)都準備(bei)好,先(xian)由寨中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)老人打(da)三錘。第一錘敬(jing)(jing)(jing)天神(shen),第二錘敬(jing)(jing)(jing)地神(shen),第三錘敬(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)。這(zhe)樣神(shen)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)就會保(bao)佑風調(diao)雨順。
銅(tong)(tong)鼓是(shi)我國古代(dai)西南少(shao)數民族的(de)珍貴(gui)文(wen)化遺產,也(ye)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)民毫微(wei)秒光輝燦爛(lan)文(wen)化的(de)重(zhong)要組成部分。貴(gui)州南部、中(zhong)(zhong)部、西部的(de)布依族地(di)區,每(mei)個大(da)寨或(huo)大(da)姓都有一(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)或(huo)數面(mian)(mian)銅(tong)(tong)鼓。據志(zhi)書記載(zai),布依族先民在2000年前,就開始鑄(zhu)造銅(tong)(tong)鼓了。近代(dai)以來(lai),布依族保存的(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓,基本上(shang)屬(shu)于"麻(ma)江型"銅(tong)(tong)鼓,"麻(ma)江型"銅(tong)(tong)鼓都是(shi)用銅(tong)(tong)制造,面(mian)(mian)徑(jing)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)不超過五十(shi)公分,重(zhong)量為十(shi)至十(shi)五公斤不等。鼓身(shen)份胸足兩(liang)段,其中(zhong)(zhong)有突棱一(yi)(yi)道,偏(pian)條耳有孔,鼓面(mian)(mian)有太陽(yang)紋(wen)(wen)芒,暈分寬、狹,主(zhu)暈飾"游旗紋(wen)(wen)",其余(yu)最常見的(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾有"山"形紋(wen)(wen)、芒間心形紋(wen)(wen)、足部復線角形紡等等。銅(tong)(tong)鼓的(de)外(wai)形給人莊重(zhong)、威嚴的(de)感覺。
擊銅鼓是有銅調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)的,一(yi)般是十二(er)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)。布依(yi)族銅鼓十二(er)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)由"喜鵲(que)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"、"散花調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"、"祭(ji)鼓調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"、"祭(ji)祖(zu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"、"三(san)六九調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"、"祭(ji)祀調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"、"喜慶(qing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)"等(deng)組成(cheng),是在慶(qing)典、祭(ji)祖(zu)、祭(ji)祀等(deng)儀式中表達布依(yi)族特性的民(min)族音樂。例如"祭(ji)樂"就有一(yi)套傳統曲牌,分12段(duan):祭(ji)神調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、助(zhu)戰調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、滅火(huo)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、送葬調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、迎客(ke)調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、豐收調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、狂歡調(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)等(deng)。
演奏這些古老的(de)(de)調(diao)子,經常(chang)由銅(tong)(tong)鼓擔任(ren)主奏,輔以皮(pi)鼓、 鑼、手(shou)镲等,曲調(diao)雄渾厚(hou)重、親切感人。有(you)銅(tong)(tong)鼓的(de)(de)村寨和(he)大姓,都有(you)人懂得鼓調(diao)并(bing)會敲擊。在布依(yi)族人民的(de)(de)心(xin)目中,銅(tong)(tong)鼓象征著財富、權力(li)和(he)團結(jie)。
作為(wei)民族(zu)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)區域文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要組(zu)成部分,銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)始終與(yu)布依(yi)族(zu)的(de)生活、文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)樣式聯系在一(yi)起(qi)。中(zhong)國歷(li)史上許多古樂(le)器(qi)隨(sui)著時(shi)代的(de)變(bian)遷而消逝,但布依(yi)族(zu)地區的(de)銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)音樂(le)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)卻傳承下來,保(bao)留至今。銅(tong)(tong)鼓(gu)(gu)十二調是內容豐富的(de)古代音樂(le)作品和(he)(he)古代音樂(le)信息的(de)寶庫。
現代經濟、技術的(de)(de)發展和外來文化的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)導致(zhi)人們的(de)(de)審美方式迅速(su)改變,自古流(liu)傳(chuan)的(de)(de)布依族(zu)銅鼓調(diao)現已(yi)少有(you)人知,很難引起年輕人的(de)(de)興趣,銅鼓調(diao)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)承已(yi)處于瀕危狀態,亟(ji)待(dai)搶救、保護。
國(guo)(guo)家非(fei)常重視非(fei)物質(zhi)文(wen)化遺產的保護,2006年5月(yue)20日,銅鼓十二(er)調經(jing)國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批準(zhun)列入(ru)第(di)一批國(guo)(guo)家級非(fei)物質(zhi)文(wen)化遺產名錄。