一、電子簽名與手寫簽名具有同等法律效力嗎
根據《電子簽名法》第14條規定：“可靠的電子簽名與手寫簽名或者蓋章具有同等的法律效力。”可靠的電子簽名應當具備以下法定條件：
1、電子簽名制作數據用于電子簽名時，屬于電子簽名人專有。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據(ju)是(shi)指(zhi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)過(guo)程中(zhong)使用的(de)(de)，將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)人(ren)可靠地聯系起來的(de)(de)字符、編碼等數(shu)據(ju)。它是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)人(ren)在(zai)簽名(ming)(ming)過(guo)程中(zhong)掌(zhang)握的(de)(de)核心數(shu)據(ju)。唯有通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據(ju)的(de)(de)歸屬判斷，才能確(que)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)人(ren)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)同(tong)一性和準(zhun)確(que)性。
因此(ci)，一旦電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)數(shu)據被他(ta)人占(zhan)有，則依賴(lai)于該(gai)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)制(zhi)作(zuo)數(shu)據而生成的(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)有可(ke)能與電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人的(de)意愿不符(fu)，顯然(ran)不能視為可(ke)靠的(de)電(dian)子(zi)簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)。
2、簽署時電子簽名制作數據僅由電子簽名人控制。
這(zhe)一項規定是對電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)過程中(zhong)電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據歸誰控制的(de)要求。這(zhe)里所規定的(de)控制是指(zhi)基于電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)人的(de)自由意(yi)志而(er)對電子簽(qian)名(ming)(ming)制作數(shu)據的(de)控制。
在電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)人實(shi)施電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的過程(cheng)中，無論是(shi)電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)人自己實(shi)施簽名(ming)(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，還是(shi)委托他人代為(wei)(wei)實(shi)施簽名(ming)(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，只(zhi)要電(dian)子(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)人擁有(you)實(shi)質上(shang)的控制權，則其所實(shi)施的簽名(ming)(ming)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)，滿(man)足本法此項規定(ding)的要求。
3、簽署后對電子簽名的任何改動能夠被發現。
采(cai)用(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)技術的簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)人簽(qian)(qian)署后，對方(fang)當事人可以通(tong)過一定(ding)的技術手段來驗證(zheng)其所收(shou)到的數(shu)(shu)(shu)據電文是否是發件(jian)人所發出，發件(jian)人的數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)有沒有被(bei)改動。倘(tang)若能(neng)夠(gou)發現發件(jian)人的數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)簽(qian)(qian)署后曾經被(bei)他(ta)人更改，則該項(xiang)簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)不(bu)能(neng)滿(man)足本法此項(xiang)規定(ding)的要求(qiu)，不(bu)能(neng)成為一項(xiang)可靠的電子簽(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)。
4、簽署后對電文內容和形式的任何改動能夠被發現。
電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名的(de)(de)一(yi)項重(zhong)要(yao)功(gong)能在于表明簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名人(ren)認(ren)可數(shu)據電文的(de)(de)內容，而(er)要(yao)實(shi)現這一(yi)功(gong)能，必須要(yao)求(qiu)電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名在技(ji)術(shu)手段(duan)上(shang)能夠保證經簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名人(ren)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署后(hou)的(de)(de)電文不被他人(ren)篡改(gai)。否(fou)則(ze)，電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名人(ren)依據一(yi)定的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)手段(duan)實(shi)施電子(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名，簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署后(hou)的(de)(de)電文被他人(ren)篡改(gai)卻不能夠被發現，此時出現的(de)(de)法律糾紛(fen)將無法依據本法予以(yi)解決。
電(dian)子(zi)簽名人的合法(fa)權(quan)益難以得(de)到有效保護。因此，要(yao)(yao)符(fu)合本(ben)法(fa)規定的可靠的電(dian)子(zi)簽名的要(yao)(yao)求，必(bi)須(xu)保證(zheng)電(dian)子(zi)簽名簽署后，對數據電(dian)文內容和形式的任何改動都能夠被發現。
一項電子簽名(ming)如果同時符合上述四項條件，可(ke)以視為可(ke)靠(kao)的電子簽名(ming)。
二、電子簽名怎么簽才有效
1、確認簽署人的真實身份
①第三方電子簽名平臺進行實名認證
用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)注(zhu)冊平(ping)臺(tai)帳號后(hou)，平(ping)臺(tai)會(hui)(hui)要(yao)求(qiu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)進行實(shi)名認證(zheng)，認證(zheng)通(tong)過(guo)后(hou)方(fang)(fang)可進行電(dian)子合同簽署。實(shi)名認證(zheng)時，個(ge)人用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要(yao)提交(jiao)個(ge)人身份(fen)信(xin)息(xi)，企(qi)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)需要(yao)提交(jiao)工商(shang)信(xin)息(xi)。第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)子簽名平(ping)臺(tai)會(hui)(hui)接(jie)入公安部的個(ge)人身份(fen)認證(zheng)系統和工商(shang)總(zong)局的企(qi)業(ye)(ye)信(xin)息(xi)系統，從而對用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)身份(fen)信(xin)息(xi)進行查(cha)驗，確(que)保(bao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)的身份(fen)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)被冒充。在個(ge)人認證(zheng)環節，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)子簽名平(ping)臺(tai)可提供(gong)微信(xin)、刷臉認證(zheng)方(fang)(fang)式，幫助用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)快速(su)完整身份(fen)驗證(zheng)。而企(qi)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)認證(zheng)，因(yin)為涉及(ji)的信(xin)息(xi)較多(duo)，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)電(dian)子簽名平(ping)臺(tai)將會(hui)(hui)通(tong)過(guo)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)對公賬戶(hu)(hu)(hu)打款信(xin)息(xi)核查(cha)，來確(que)認企(qi)業(ye)(ye)身份(fen)的真(zhen)實(shi)性。
②CA機構頒發數字證書
CA機構(gou)即證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)授(shou)權中(zhong)心(xin)，是電(dian)(dian)子商務交易中(zhong)受信任(ren)的第(di)三方(fang)(fang)。當用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)通過(guo)第(di)三方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)的實名(ming)(ming)(ming)認證(zheng)后，就(jiu)可獲得第(di)三方(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)子簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)合作(zuo)的CA機構(gou)所(suo)頒發的數字(zi)證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)，作(zuo)為該用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)網上身(shen)份證(zheng)明(ming)的依據。并且該證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)以(yi)數字(zi)簽名(ming)(ming)(ming)技術(shu)為核(he)心(xin)，使得證(zheng)書(shu)(shu)不被偽造、不被篡(cuan)改。
2、創建專屬電子簽名
通過實名(ming)(ming)認證后，用(yong)戶(hu)就可(ke)以開始(shi)創建自己專(zhuan)屬的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)了，這個(ge)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)會(hui)以數據電(dian)(dian)文的(de)形式保存在(zai)第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺。個(ge)人用(yong)戶(hu)，可(ke)在(zai)第三(san)方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺設置手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)，也可(ke)以使用(yong)系統生成的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)。企業用(yong)戶(hu)可(ke)上傳(chuan)制作企業電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)章，在(zai)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)合同時，可(ke)選擇相應(ying)的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)章進(jin)行簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署。該電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)相當于紙質合同中的(de)手(shou)寫簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)或者公(gong)章，是(shi)具(ju)有法(fa)律(lv)效力的(de)。
3、簽署及管理電子合同
當我們需要簽署一份電子合同時，電子簽名怎么簽(qian)(qian)(qian)呢(ni)？其實很(hen)簡(jian)單(dan)，只需(xu)要上傳編輯好的(de)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)文檔，設置相應的(de)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)方(fang)與簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)順序等標準后，就可以在電(dian)子合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)上添加自己的(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)和簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)日期，即可完(wan)成(cheng)己方(fang)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)。然后對方(fang)將收到短信(xin)提醒，并同(tong)(tong)(tong)樣經過(guo)實名(ming)(ming)認證(zheng)-電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)過(guo)程后，一份電(dian)子合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)即簽(qian)(qian)(qian)署(shu)完(wan)成(cheng)了(le)。經過(guo)第三(san)方(fang)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)平臺(tai)，采用可靠的(de)電(dian)子簽(qian)(qian)(qian)名(ming)(ming)簽(qian)(qian)(qian)訂的(de)電(dian)子合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)才是具有法律效(xiao)力的(de)。
用(yong)戶通(tong)(tong)過第(di)(di)三(san)方(fang)電子簽(qian)名平(ping)臺簽(qian)署電子合同時(shi)可(ke)通(tong)(tong)過短(duan)信(xin)驗(yan)(yan)證碼、指紋、刷臉等方(fang)式簽(qian)署。同時(shi)，電子合同簽(qian)署完成后(hou)，將存儲在電子合同平(ping)臺云端，用(yong)戶隨時(shi)隨地都可(ke)以登錄(lu)第(di)(di)三(san)方(fang)電子簽(qian)名平(ping)臺，對(dui)電子合同進(jin)行分類、查(cha)找、查(cha)閱(yue)及(ji)下載(zai)等管理(li)操作(zuo)。最(zui)后(hou)，用(yong)戶也可(ke)以通(tong)(tong)過第(di)(di)三(san)方(fang)電子簽(qian)名平(ping)臺的“合同查(cha)驗(yan)(yan)”和“合同驗(yan)(yan)簽(qian)”服(fu)務對(dui)電子合同的簽(qian)署信(xin)息、有效性進(jin)行檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)，查(cha)看其是否被篡(cuan)改過。
4、第三方電子簽名平臺的其他服務
除了實名認(ren)證、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名制作(zuo)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)合同(tong)簽署、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)合同(tong)管理(li)之外，第(di)三方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名平(ping)臺還會提供許(xu)多其他(ta)服務，如(ru)出證報(bao)告、司法(fa)鑒定、網(wang)絡仲裁、法(fa)律(lv)咨詢(xun)等法(fa)律(lv)服務。一旦用戶產生合同(tong)糾紛，即可申請第(di)三方電(dian)(dian)子(zi)簽名平(ping)臺相應的(de)服務，高效解決合同(tong)糾紛問題。
