松茸的種類
一、按產品狀態分
1、鮮松茸
鮮品包括鮮松茸和冰鮮松茸。鮮松茸指剛采集下來的松茸,此時的松茸營養最為豐富,食用起來也最為鮮美。冰鮮松茸指各種經過保鮮加工后和冷凍工藝處理過的鮮松茸。這樣的凍鮮松茸,雖然采取措施保持松茸的鮮美,但是其所起的保鮮作用有限,其品質和營養與鮮松茸相比有一定差距。另外,因為技術和工藝的不同,不同的冰鮮松茸的品質,有著很大的差異,目前市場上有很多松茸在加(jia)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)被注水、染色以及摻(chan)入大量(liang)的幼茸(rong)(rong)和老茸(rong)(rong),品質良(liang)莠(you)不濟。
2、烘干松茸
烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)(shi)將松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)切片放入(ru)烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)設備中(zhong)烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan),制成的(de)產(chan)品(pin),烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)方便(bian)攜帶和保(bao)存,在食(shi)用(yong)前通過溫(wen)水侵(qin)泡,食(shi)用(yong)起來,較(jiao)為方便(bian)。但是(shi)(shi),烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)產(chan)品(pin)一般原料等級不(bu)(bu)高。另外,松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)中(zhong)富含的(de)多種(zhong)營養物(wu)質不(bu)(bu)耐高溫(wen),因此,在加工過程中(zhong),如果溫(wen)度(du)超過100℃的(de)話,會破壞松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)部分活性營養,使(shi)得松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)營養價(jia)值降低(di),烘(hong)(hong)干(gan)(gan)松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)屬于松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)產(chan)品(pin)鏈中(zhong)的(de)中(zhong)低(di)端產(chan)品(pin)。
3、凍干松茸
凍干松(song)(song)茸全稱為真(zhen)空(kong)冷(leng)凍干燥松(song)(song)茸。它是將(jiang)新鮮松(song)(song)茸在(zai)零下170攝氏度(du)的環(huan)境下,經過(guo)真(zhen)空(kong)干燥技術生產(chan)的干制松(song)(song)茸。在(zai)低溫與真(zhen)空(kong)環(huan)境下,可以(yi)在(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上,使得松(song)(song)茸自損能(neng)量的能(neng)力(li)減弱,凍結松(song)(song)茸的能(neng)量,由此能(neng)夠保存(cun)鮮茸的大部分營(ying)養和(he)味(wei)道(dao)。
4、其它深加(jia)工產品
近(jin)年來,隨(sui)著市場需(xu)求日益增(zeng)加,而(er)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)產量逐年減少,導(dao)致松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)價格年年上漲。為(wei)了滿足(zu)(zu)消費者的(de)需(xu)求,很多商家開始對松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)進行深加工。我國市場上松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)漬品(pin),松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)速(su)溶沖劑,松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)罐頭、醬(jiang)油、醋等產品(pin)應(ying)運而(er)生。另外,我國松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)保(bao)健酒的(de)研究(jiu)已有了一定(ding)進展,將極大的(de)滿足(zu)(zu)飲(yin)用(yong)(yong)者的(de)保(bao)健需(xu)求,而(er)且,松(song)茸(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)提取物,現在已廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于食品(pin)飲(yin)料生產之中(zhong)。
二、按生長地區分
我國的松茸主要產自四川、西藏、云南的高原地區,其中四川松茸產量最多,西藏松茸品質最佳,云南(nan)松(song)茸(rong)名氣最大,另(ling)在(zai)延邊和(he)臺(tai)灣亦有(you)少(shao)量(liang)分布(bu)。根據產(chan)量(liang)劃(hua)分,我國(guo)松(song)茸(rong)共(gong)有(you)四大產(chan)區,分別是云南(nan)香格里拉、四川(chuan)甘(gan)孜州(zhou)雅(ya)江、四川(chuan)甘(gan)孜州(zhou)丹巴縣斯達納和(he)四川(chuan)阿壩州(zhou)小金,我國(guo)出(chu)產(chan)的松(song)茸(rong)多來自這四個(ge)地區。國(guo)外日本也有(you)產(chan)松(song)茸(rong)。
1、香格里拉松茸
香格(ge)里(li)拉(la)(la)松茸(rong)產自云南迪慶藏(zang)族自治州,此地無(wu)污染嚴重的工(gong)礦企(qi)業,原始生(sheng)態環境保(bao)存良好,十分適合松茸(rong)生(sheng)長。香格(ge)里(li)拉(la)(la)松茸(rong)聞名國內外,是所(suo)有品種中(zhong)體型最大(da)者,一般可長至(zhi)14CM以上,具(ju)有菇體肥(fei)大(da)、肉質細嫩、久香味濃(nong)、菌肉白(bai)凈等特點。
2、雅江松茸
由(you)于生長環(huan)境(jing)得天獨厚,雅江松茸(rong)具(ju)有產(chan)量(liang)多、個頭(tou)大、色澤好、味(wei)道香的特點,年產(chan)量(liang)可(ke)高達1000噸,因而獲得了“中國(guo)松茸(rong)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)”的稱(cheng)號,每年都有國(guo)外商人(ren)不遠千里到(dao)雅江收購(gou)松茸(rong)。
3、斯達納松茸
斯達(da)納松茸(rong)產(chan)自雄偉(wei)的(de)斯達(da)納雪山,此地生態環(huan)境(jing)良好,植物資源十分(fen)豐富(fu),素有“美人谷”之稱,斯達(da)納松茸(rong)便是其中(zhong)一(yi)種(zhong)珍貴的(de)美味。
斯達(da)納(na)松茸(rong)風味獨特,口(kou)感滑潤,富有彈性,食(shi)后余香(xiang)滿(man)口(kou),鮮香(xiang)別具一格。近幾年(nian)隨著斯達(da)納(na)雪山知名(ming)度的(de)提高,斯達(da)納(na)松茸(rong)也作為(wei)當地(di)優質特產而聞名(ming)全(quan)國(guo),開始銷往各(ge)大城市星級飯店、大型超市甚至出(chu)口(kou)國(guo)外。
4、小金松茸
小(xiao)金(jin)松茸產自四川省西北部的小(xiao)金(jin)縣,此(ci)地(di)位(wei)于青藏高原(yuan)東部邊(bian)緣,氣候干燥(zao),土壤濕度較低,因而孕育(yu)出了這一獨特的品種。小(xiao)金(jin)松茸色澤鮮明(ming),體型(xing)較大,菌(jun)蓋一般(ban)呈褐(he)色,菌(jun)柄呈白色,其(qi)菌(jun)肉(rou)白嫩(nen)肥厚,質地(di)細嫩(nen),口(kou)感(gan)極佳。