阜城(cheng)(cheng)杏(xing)梅是(shi)河北省(sheng)衡(heng)水(shui)市阜城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)特(te)產,全(quan)國農(nong)產品(pin)地(di)理標(biao)志。杏(xing)梅是(shi)杏(xing)和李的(de)偶(ou)然雜交種,是(shi)阜城(cheng)(cheng)縣(xian)的(de)優勢果(guo)品(pin),也是(shi)河北省(sheng)地(di)方特(te)色(se)果(guo)品(pin),有(you)著(zhu)500余年的(de)栽培歷史。阜城(cheng)(cheng)杏(xing)梅果(guo)實(shi)呈(cheng)卵圓形,外觀色(se)澤鮮(xian)艷,果(guo)皮(pi)橙(cheng)黃色(se)帶紅暈、具縫合線、皮(pi)厚有(you)韌性,果(guo)肉(rou)黃色(se),細(xi)膩(ni)有(you)砂(sha)性,酸甜可(ke)口(kou)。杏(xing)梅貯存期最長可(ke)達30天至40天,既(ji)可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)鮮(xian)食,也可(ke)加工成果(guo)脯、果(guo)醬(jiang)、果(guo)汁(zhi)等。
2020年4月30日,中華(hua)人民共(gong)和國(guo)農業農村(cun)部正式批(pi)準(zhun)對“阜城杏(xing)梅”實(shi)施農產品地理標志登(deng)記保(bao)護。
阜城(cheng)杏梅生(sheng)產地域范圍為(wei)衡水市阜城(cheng)縣(xian),涉及阜城(cheng)鎮、漫河鎮、古城(cheng)鎮、蔣坊鄉、建橋鄉、大白(bai)鄉、王(wang)集鄉、霞口鎮等8個鄉鎮445個行政村(cun),地理(li)坐標為(wei)東經37°49′59″~37°58′44″,北緯116°08′47″~116°33′24″,保護地總(zong)面積(ji)為(wei)32535hm2,常年種植面積(ji)200hm2,年產量8000t。
阜城(cheng)杏梅(mei)果實(shi)卵圓形(xing),外觀色(se)澤鮮艷,果皮橙黃色(se)帶紅暈、具縫合(he)線、皮厚有(you)韌(ren)性;果肉黃色(se),細(xi)膩有(you)砂性,酸甜(tian)可口,果核表(biao)面具有(you)蜂窩(wo)狀小凹點;單果重60~85g,最大(da)單果重110g。
經檢測,可溶性固形物≥13.5%;可滴定酸≤0.5%;總糖≥8.5g/100g;維(wei)生素C≥4.2 mg/100g;水(shui)分≤89.0 g/100g。
阜城杏(xing)梅產品(pin)質量符合國家(jia)有(you)關(guan)標準。
阜(fu)城縣地處河北(bei)省中南(nan)部黑龍港流域,屬暖溫帶半干旱大陸性季(ji)風氣候。生產區域內(nei)近十年年平(ping)均氣溫13.5℃,極端最高氣溫42.2℃,極端最低(di)氣溫~16.8℃,年積溫4465℃,年無(wu)霜(shuang)期217天。四季(ji)分明(ming)、雨(yu)量少而集中,年平(ping)均降(jiang)水(shui)量527.3mm,降(jiang)雨(yu)主要集中在6~8月,約占全年降(jiang)水(shui)量的(de)70%,具有明(ming)顯雨(yu)熱同季(ji)的(de)特(te)(te)點,特(te)(te)別適合阜(fu)城杏梅的(de)生長(chang)。
生(sheng)產(chan)區域內,淺層(ceng)及(ji)深層(ceng)淡(dan)水豐富(fu),水質礦化度1~2g/L,pH值在7~8之間。水質好、無污染(ran),有利于阜(fu)城杏梅的生(sheng)產(chan)灌(guan)溉。
生(sheng)產區域內土壤多(duo)為中壤質~壤質潮土,有機(ji)質含量平均16.58g/kg,pH值7.5~8.1,特別適于(yu)阜(fu)城杏梅栽(zai)培。
在阜(fu)城杏(xing)梅(mei)生長(chang)期間(jian)年輻射總量(liang)136.3千卡/cm2,年平(ping)均(jun)日(ri)照時(shi)數2693.5h、平(ping)均(jun)日(ri)照時(shi)間(jian)7.4h,日(ri)照率61.0%,能夠完全(quan)滿足阜(fu)城杏(xing)梅(mei)對光(guang)照的需(xu)求。
選擇(ze)土層深厚、排(pai)水(shui)良(liang)好,沒(mei)有污染的沙壤土或壤土,不能重(zhong)茬。
以阜城杏梅為栽培品種,選擇毛桃(tao)或山杏作為砧木。
為保證阜城杏梅(mei)的品質特色(se),應注重以下(xia)生產(chan)環節的管理:
①標準化建(jian)園:選用根系新(xin)鮮(xian)、苗干直立、無病蟲(chong)害、無機械損傷、芽體(ti)飽滿的一級苗,以杏(xing)樹(shu)(shu)做授(shou)粉樹(shu)(shu)、阜城杏(xing)梅(mei)與杏(xing)樹(shu)(shu)5~6:1的比例進(jin)行(xing)(xing)配置,按照株行(xing)(xing)距2~3米×4~5米的標準進(jin)行(xing)(xing)栽植(zhi)建(jian)園。
②土(tu)肥(fei)水管(guan)理(li):合理(li)施(shi)肥(fei)。一年追(zhui)肥(fei)三(san)次,分別在(zai)萌芽前(qian)、幼果(guo)(guo)第(di)(di)(di)一次膨(peng)大(da)期(qi)、果(guo)(guo)實(shi)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)次膨(peng)大(da)期(qi)分期(qi)施(shi)入(ru),幼齡樹(shu)和(he)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)的(de)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)發育前(qian)期(qi),追(zhui)肥(fei)以(yi)氮磷肥(fei)為(wei)主,每667平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)追(zhui)施(shi)磷酸(suan)二(er)(er)(er)銨(an)25千(qian)克,結(jie)果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)發育后(hou)期(qi)以(yi)磷鉀肥(fei)為(wei)主,每667平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)追(zhui)施(shi)硫酸(suan)鉀20千(qian)克;結(jie)合病蟲害防治葉面噴施(shi)0.3%~0.5%的(de)磷酸(suan)二(er)(er)(er)氫鉀3~4次;秋施(shi)基(ji)肥(fei)在(zai)果(guo)(guo)實(shi)采收(shou)后(hou)盡早施(shi)入(ru),采取(qu)(qu)溝施(shi)的(de)方(fang)(fang)式,每667平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)施(shi)用優質腐熟農家肥(fei)2~3噸,摻(chan)加磷酸(suan)二(er)(er)(er)銨(an)15千(qian)克、尿素10千(qian)克、硅鈣鎂鉀肥(fei)50千(qian)克,充分混勻后(hou)施(shi)入(ru)。灌溉水管(guan)理(li)。全年灌水4次,分別在(zai)萌芽前(qian)、果(guo)(guo)實(shi)第(di)(di)(di)一次膨(peng)大(da)期(qi)、果(guo)(guo)實(shi)第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)(er)次膨(peng)大(da)期(qi)和(he)秋施(shi)基(ji)肥(fei)后(hou)及時澆水,灌水量以(yi)土(tu)壤含水量達到(dao)田間(jian)(jian)持(chi)水量的(de)60%~80%為(wei)宜(yi),多雨(yu)季節注意及時排澇。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)覆(fu)(fu)(fu)蓋。提倡果(guo)(guo)園生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao),采取(qu)(qu)行間(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)、行內(nei)覆(fu)(fu)(fu)蓋的(de)方(fang)(fang)式,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)品種(zhong)可選擇黑麥草(cao)(cao)(cao)或紫花苜蓿(xu),樹(shu)盤內(nei)覆(fu)(fu)(fu)蓋薄膜或防草(cao)(cao)(cao)布控草(cao)(cao)(cao)保墑,也可以(yi)實(shi)行自然生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)(cao)覆(fu)(fu)(fu)蓋。
③整形(xing)(xing)(xing)修剪(jian):樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)以小(xiao)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)疏(shu)層型(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)為主(zhu)。小(xiao)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)疏(shu)層型(xing)(xing)形(xing)(xing)(xing)干高40~50厘米(mi),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)高2.5~3米(mi),冠(guan)(guan)(guan)徑2.5~3米(mi),具有(you)(you)中央(yang)領導干,全樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)5~6個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)層留(liu)(liu)3個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),每主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)2~3個(ge)(ge),第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)層留(liu)(liu)1~2個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),每主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)1~2個(ge)(ge),第(di)(di)(di)三(san)層留(liu)(liu)1個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)留(liu)(liu)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。層間(jian)距第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)、第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)層70厘米(mi)左右,第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)、三(san)層50厘米(mi)左右;紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)干高60~70厘米(mi),樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)高2.5~3米(mi),中干直(zhi)(zhi)立強健,在(zai)中干上均(jun)勻(yun)培(pei)(pei)育(yu)10~15個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),角度(du)拉成(cheng)70~90度(du),向圓周(zhou)伸(shen)展,不(bu)分(fen)(fen)層次,均(jun)勻(yun)插(cha)空排列,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單軸延伸(shen)不(bu)留(liu)(liu)側(ce)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),上面直(zhi)(zhi)接著生結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu),下(xia)部枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5~2米(mi),中部1~1.2米(mi),上部0.7米(mi)左右,相鄰兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)距離25厘米(mi)左右,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)緊湊豐滿,外觀呈紡錘形(xing)(xing)(xing)。修剪(jian)與整形(xing)(xing)(xing)同步(bu)進行,在(zai)整形(xing)(xing)(xing)的基礎(chu)上,通過調光、調枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、調花,調勢培(pei)(pei)養健壯、穩定、豐產的樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)體結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構。小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)培(pei)(pei)養:利(li)用平斜中短(duan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緩放,對(dui)(dui)直(zhi)(zhi)立中、短(duan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)扣芽破(po)頂促進成(cheng)花,對(dui)(dui)細弱(ruo)中、長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)短(duan)截,促進分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緩放成(cheng)花,結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)再(zai)回(hui)(hui)(hui)縮,培(pei)(pei)養成(cheng)小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu);中型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)培(pei)(pei)養:對(dui)(dui)發育(yu)健壯的長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或徒長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先(xian)(xian)截后(hou)(hou)(hou)放,促進分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),緩放后(hou)(hou)(hou)成(cheng)花結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),連續(xu)分(fen)(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)即形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)中型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu),對(dui)(dui)平斜下(xia)垂枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輕剪(jian),促生中段(duan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),成(cheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)回(hui)(hui)(hui)縮,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)中型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu);大(da)型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)培(pei)(pei)養:對(dui)(dui)中庸枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或旺長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)短(duan)截,在(zai)選留(liu)(liu)延長(chang)(chang)(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)并不(bu)斷(duan)擴大(da)的同時,促生中短(duan)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)(hou)(hou)去強留(liu)(liu)弱(ruo)或去直(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)(liu)斜,對(dui)(dui)留(liu)(liu)下(xia)的中庸枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)偏弱(ruo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“先(xian)(xian)輕剪(jian)緩放,成(cheng)花結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)回(hui)(hui)(hui)縮”,即可培(pei)(pei)養成(cheng)大(da)型(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)。
④花(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)管理。一是(shi)早(zao)春防凍(dong)害,可采取樹干涂白、花(hua)(hua)前(qian)灌水或根外噴施磷鉀肥(fei)等(deng)措施進行預防;二(er)(er)是(shi)輔助授粉,可采取掛瓶插花(hua)(hua)枝(zhi)、人工滾動雞毛撣、或利用蜜(mi)蜂或壁蜂等(deng)方法進行;三是(shi)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)噴肥(fei),花(hua)(hua)期(qi)噴0.2%硼砂、謝(xie)花(hua)(hua)后(hou)噴0.2%硼砂+0.3%磷酸(suan)二(er)(er)氫(qing)鉀,隔10天(tian)再噴1次;四是(shi)疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),第(di)一次在(zai)落花(hua)(hua)后(hou)20天(tian)開(kai)始(shi)、5月(yue)中(zhong)旬前(qian)完成,5~10厘米留(liu)(liu)一果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),疏(shu)去病蟲果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、小果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸形果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),每667平方米留(liu)(liu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)5~6萬個(ge)(ge),第(di)二(er)(er)次在(zai)花(hua)(hua)后(hou)50~60天(tian)生(sheng)理落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)進行,疏(shu)除密生(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、并(bing)生(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、病蟲果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)及枝(zhi)摩(mo)葉掃果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),樹冠中(zhong)下部多留(liu)(liu)、上部及外圍少留(liu)(liu),長果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)留(liu)(liu)3~4個(ge)(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),中(zhong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)留(liu)(liu)2~3個(ge)(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),短(duan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝(zhi)留(liu)(liu)1個(ge)(ge)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),使果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實分(fen)布(bu)均勻,每667平方米留(liu)(liu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)量(liang)4.5~5萬個(ge)(ge)。總體掌握每667平方米產量(liang)2500~3000千克。
⑤病(bing)蟲害防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)。阜(fu)城杏(xing)梅的主(zhu)要病(bing)蟲害為(wei)(wei)天牛、紅(hong)蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)、卷葉蛾、介(jie)殼蟲和流(liu)膠(jiao)病(bing),按(an)照“預防(fang)(fang)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、綜(zong)合防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)”的原則(ze),以(yi)農業和物理(li)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎、生(sheng)物防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、化學防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)輔,全年(nian)噴(pen)(pen)藥5~7次。萌芽前后(hou)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)紅(hong)蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)、介(jie)殼蟲為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可選(xuan)噴(pen)(pen)3~5°Bé石(shi)(shi)硫(liu)合劑(ji)或者(zhe)1.8%苦(ku)參(can)堿1000~1500倍(bei)+10%吡蟲啉4000~5000倍(bei)液組合;落花后(hou)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)杏(xing)仁蜂、象鼻蟲為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可選(xuan)噴(pen)(pen)4.5%高效氯(lv)氰菊酯(zhi)乳(ru)油(you)1500~2000倍(bei);4月下旬為(wei)(wei)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)卷葉蛾可噴(pen)(pen)25%滅(mie)幼脲3號懸浮(fu)劑(ji)1500~2000倍(bei);5月中下旬以(yi)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)紅(hong)蜘(zhi)(zhi)蛛(zhu)、介(jie)殼蟲為(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可噴(pen)(pen)1.8%阿維菌(jun)素乳(ru)油(you)3000~4000倍(bei)。流(liu)膠(jiao)病(bing)可通過增(zeng)施有機肥、不偏(pian)施化肥、保(bao)持中庸樹(shu)(shu)勢等預防(fang)(fang),對產(chan)生(sheng)流(liu)膠(jiao)的樹(shu)(shu)可采取“刮涂(tu)封(feng)”法治(zhi)(zhi)療,即先(xian)刮去膠(jiao)體和爛皮、再涂(tu)殺菌(jun)劑(ji)(5°Bé石(shi)(shi)硫(liu)合劑(ji)或生(sheng)石(shi)(shi)灰粉(fen))進行保(bao)護和治(zhi)(zhi)療,然后(hou)用薄(bo)膜封(feng)嚴傷口。
遠距離(li)運輸可(ke)于6月(yue)下旬硬熟期采(cai)收(shou),近距離(li)運輸可(ke)于7月(yue)上旬軟(ruan)熟期采(cai)收(shou)。采(cai)收(shou)時輕拿輕放,防止(zhi)扎、碰(peng)、壓、劃等機械損傷(shang),保證果(guo)實完好。
①分級(ji)(ji)包裝。阜(fu)城(cheng)杏梅(mei)貯(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)或外(wai)銷嚴格按標準等(deng)級(ji)(ji)分級(ji)(ji),包裝用(yong)紙(zhi)(zhi)箱、箱板、果(guo)墊、包裝紙(zhi)(zhi)、膠帶紙(zhi)(zhi)均應(ying)清(qing)潔、無毒(du)、無異味,箱體兩(liang)側留4~6個氣孔(kong),氣孔(kong)直徑15毫米左右(you),箱體應(ying)注(zhu)(zhu)明(ming)商標、品種、產地、重量。②貯(zhu)藏(zang)(zang)。阜(fu)城(cheng)杏梅(mei)應(ying)在恒溫氣調庫(ku)內貯(zhu)藏(zang)(zang),注(zhu)(zhu)意碼(ma)堆不得過高,剁(duo)間(jian)要留有(you)通道。③運輸(shu)。運輸(shu)阜(fu)城(cheng)杏梅(mei)的工(gong)具要清(qing)潔衛(wei)生,不能與有(you)毒(du)、有(you)害(hai)、有(you)異味的物品混裝,裝卸時要輕裝、輕放。
詳細(xi)記錄阜城(cheng)杏梅的生產(chan)地點、肥料名稱、施(shi)肥時間(jian)、施(shi)肥量、農藥(yao)名稱、施(shi)藥(yao)時間(jian)、施(shi)藥(yao)量、收獲日期等信息。
2020年4月(yue)30日,中(zhong)華人民(min)共和國農(nong)業農(nong)村部正式批準(zhun)對“阜城杏(xing)梅”實施(shi)農(nong)產(chan)品地(di)理標(biao)志登記保護(hu)。
2004年(nian),阜城縣(xian)杏梅面(mian)積(ji)達6.94萬畝(mu),年(nian)產量達2.94萬噸,占全國(guo)杏梅市場份(fen)額的90%以上(shang)。
2020年,阜城杏梅生產規模(mo)200公(gong)頃,年產量0.8萬噸,占全國市場份額的95%以上。