午門(men)作為宮城南(nan)大(da)門(men)(正門(men)),中門(men)只走帝后鑾駕,左右(you)側門(men)也只有公(gong)、侯、駙馬(ma)、文官三品(pin)和武(wu)官四品(pin)以上的官員才準許出(chu)入,其他品(pin)級只能走兩闕門(men)入,兩掖門(men)出(chu)。午門(men)除了是(shi)官員出(chu)入之(zhi)門(men)外(wai),還是(shi)傳達圣旨(zhi)及朝廷(ting)告書的地方,也是(shi)皇帝處罰大(da)臣(chen)“廷(ting)杖(zhang)”之(zhi)地。
南京故宮(gong)午門(men)在營(ying)建(jian)之初(chu)并無雙闕(que),明洪武八年(nian)(1375年(nian))因朱元璋下詔放棄(qi)營(ying)建(jian)明中都(dou),集(ji)中力(li)量修建(jian)南京都(dou)城,增設兩闕(que)(包(bao)括左右(you)闕(que)門(men))及(ji)左右(you)掖門(men)。
午門是(shi)(shi)宮(gong)城(cheng)的(de)正大(da)門,是(shi)(shi)一座三(san)孔門卷兩(liang)邊有雙闋的(de)雄偉建(jian)筑(zhu)。樓頂(ding)有漂亮奢華的(de)儀鳳樓,整個(ge)(ge)午門平面呈一個(ge)(ge)倒寫的(de)“凹”字型(xing),兩(liang)邊是(shi)(shi)伸長出去的(de)雙闋,雙闋源自(zi)秦漢時期(qi)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形式(shi),到(dao)了明故宮(gong)時期(qi)的(de)午門雙闋已經是(shi)(shi)這種建(jian)筑(zhu)形式(shi)的(de)最(zui)后(hou)殘余(yu)了。
民國十(shi)三(san)年(1924年)午門(men)(men)雙闋因建明(ming)故宮機場被(bei)(bei)拆除,只留下(xia)了一座(zuo)(zuo)三(san)孔(kong)門(men)(men)洞(dong),午門(men)(men)之上(shang)的(de)(de)五鳳(feng)樓也早已(yi)(yi)毀圮。從午門(men)(men)上(shang)精(jing)美(mei)的(de)(de)纏枝(zhi)如意紋須彌座(zuo)(zuo)來(lai)看,這種簡約但唯美(mei)的(de)(de)裝飾代表了明(ming)初(chu)高(gao)規格(ge)的(de)(de)建筑風(feng)(feng)格(ge),也永久的(de)(de)影響了后來(lai)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge),樓頂殘(can)留的(de)(de)百余座(zuo)(zuo)寬(kuan)大的(de)(de)柱礎,還能管窺(kui)原來(lai)上(shang)面儀鳳(feng)樓的(de)(de)輝(hui)煌。午門(men)(men)遺址(zhi)以及(ji)后面的(de)(de)奉天門(men)(men)遺址(zhi)現(xian)在已(yi)(yi)經(jing)一起被(bei)(bei)開辟為午朝門(men)(men)公(gong)園,為政(zheng)府(fu)公(gong)益(yi)性的(de)(de)公(gong)園。
如今的(de)午(wu)門(men)(men)(men)本色(se),漢白玉(yu)須彌(mi)座(zuo)和三孔(kong)券(quan)門(men)(men)(men)均保存完好,站在(zai)午(wu)門(men)(men)(men)之(zhi)上還可以遠眺御道街。在(zai)南京(jing)民間(jian)還傳有“午(wu)朝(chao)門(men)(men)(men)”和“五(wu)朝(chao)門(men)(men)(men)”之(zhi)名(ming),皆(jie)因午(wu)門(men)(men)(men)的(de)三門(men)(men)(men)加左右(you)兩掖門(men)(men)(men),合計五(wu)門(men)(men)(men),且均為上朝(chao)之(zhi)門(men)(men)(men),故有此名(ming)。
奉天(tian)門(men)(men)始(shi)建(jian)于1366年(元至正二十六年),從午門(men)(men)入,過內五(wu)龍橋(qiao),便是(shi)(shi)奉天(tian)門(men)(men),門(men)(men)內為奉天(tian)殿。奉天(tian)門(men)(men)遺(yi)址東(dong)西長58米(mi),南北寬30米(mi)。奉天(tian)門(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)皇帝接見(jian)(jian)大臣議事的(de)地方,即“御(yu)門(men)(men)聽政(zheng)”之所(suo)。永樂初,明成(cheng)祖朱棣曾在此舉行國(guo)宴接見(jian)(jian)過渤泥國(guo)王一行。
與西華(hua)門(men)相(xiang)對應的(de)(de)東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men),是現(xian)在南京明代(dai)宮城(cheng)僅(jin)存的(de)(de)一座城(cheng)門(men)。東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)過去(qu)長期被(bei)(bei)南京冶金器材廠圈占,成了一個垃圾堆(dui),一般(ban)人根本無從知道。隨(sui)著東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園的(de)(de)建成,大(da)家終于可(ke)以一睹東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)的(de)(de)雄(xiong)姿(zi)。東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)和(he)西安(an)門(men)的(de)(de)大(da)小,形制相(xiang)似,但和(he)西安(an)門(men)大(da)的(de)(de)區別是,其(qi)須彌(mi)座都為素(su)面(mian),沒(mei)有(you)卷葉紋(wen)的(de)(de)雕(diao)飾,風格顯得比(bi)較簡樸。這(zhe)一點真實的(de)(de)反映了當年朱元璋要求簡樸建宮殿的(de)(de)命(ming)令。東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)南北(bei)兩面(mian)有(you)明顯的(de)(de)城(cheng)墻拆(chai)斷(duan)痕(hen)跡,城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)頂上的(de)(de)儀(yi)鳳樓(lou)(lou)早已(yi)無存,并且曾(ceng)有(you)破壞。東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)已(yi)被(bei)(bei)修復開放(fang),為東(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)遺(yi)址(zhi)公(gong)園,其(qi)南面(mian)的(de)(de)門(men)券內仍保留(liu)著明代(dai)的(de)(de)路面(mian),城(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)頂有(you)明代(dai)儀(yi)鳳樓(lou)(lou)遺(yi)跡石礎(chu),能明顯看出廊廡遺(yi)跡。
西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)安門(men)(men)遺(yi)址,與西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)安門(men)(men)在東西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)一條中軸線(xian)上。2001年(nian),在此施工的(de)單位無意中挖掘出西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)的(de)遺(yi)址,僅存三座(zuo)門(men)(men)券的(de)須(xu)(xu)彌座(zuo)和磚石路面,這使得西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)安門(men)(men)被長期以來(lai)被誤傳為西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)的(de)現象徹底被證實(shi)。從位置上來(lai)看,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)緊鄰護(hu)城河;從形制上來(lai)看,西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)僅存的(de)須(xu)(xu)彌座(zuo)和東華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)一模(mo)一樣,都為素面,所以現在的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)華(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)的(de)遺(yi)址準確(que)無疑(yi)。
過去被(bei)長期誤稱(cheng)為“西華(hua)門(men)(men)”的(de)(de)西安(an)門(men)(men)是明故(gu)宮皇(huang)城的(de)(de)西面的(de)(de)一道城門(men)(men),由于整(zheng)個皇(huang)城偏(pian)在南京城東(dong)(dong)南,出了東(dong)(dong)安(an)門(men)(men)便是朝陽門(men)(men)(今中(zhong)山門(men)(men)),出朝陽門(men)(men)就(jiu)出城了,西安(an)門(men)(men)是進出皇(huang)城的(de)(de)城門(men)(men),故(gu)其使用頻率較(jiao)高,西安(an)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)規格很高,僅(jin)次于午門(men)(men),門(men)(men)外(東(dong)(dong))有一座寬大的(de)(de)玄津(jin)橋(至今尚存),可見當年此(ci)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)重要(yao)。
而修復之前(qian)(qian),西安門(men)(men)長期被(bei)淹沒(mei)在雜(za)亂的(de)(de)(de)現代垃(la)圾建筑(zhu)之中(一(yi)(yi)直作為某單位的(de)(de)(de)倉庫,周圍是金城機械(xie)廠的(de)(de)(de)宿舍(she)),如果不(bu)是當地的(de)(de)(de)居民,一(yi)(yi)般都不(bu)會知道南(nan)京還(huan)有這樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)座城門(men)(men)。修復挖掘之后,我們看(kan)到了以前(qian)(qian)看(kan)不(bu)到的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)情況,西安門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)須彌(mi)座和午門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)須彌(mi)座一(yi)(yi)模一(yi)(yi)樣(yang),都是刻有典型明初風格的(de)(de)(de)卷(juan)葉紋樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)裝飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)石構件,北面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)券內還(huan)保留著明代的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)面(mian)。
西安(an)(an)(an)門(men)(men)和其它的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)不(bu)同,從現(xian)場挖掘的遺址來看(kan)(kan),一邊的須彌(mi)座(zuo)一直向南三十(shi)余(yu)米(mi),折(zhe)向東也(ye)有二(er)十(shi)余(yu)米(mi)的須彌(mi)座(zuo),可以(yi)推測出(chu)西安(an)(an)(an)門(men)(men)當(dang)(dang)年規(gui)模較大,并且不(bu)與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在一條線(xian)上,整(zheng)個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)向外凸出(chu),在門(men)(men)內形成了一個小廣場,象(xiang)一個小甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。而(er)當(dang)(dang)年真(zhen)實的造型已經無法看(kan)(kan)出(chu),由此可管窺當(dang)(dang)年明故(gu)宮建(jian)筑的“神秘”,估計當(dang)(dang)年東安(an)(an)(an)門(men)(men)也(ye)有此類設計。
玄(xuan)(xuan)津(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)在(zai)中山東(dong)路逸仙橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)南,為三孔(kong)石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),長(chang)41.6米,寬19.1米,始建于明初(chu)時(shi),玄(xuan)(xuan)津(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)原橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)、橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄兩端(duan)各有一對石(shi)(shi)獅。明末橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)兩側還(huan)建有游廊。1981年橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)改(gai)瀝青(qing)路面(mian),橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)欄用水(shui)泥(ni)補砌(qi)。玄(xuan)(xuan)津(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)在(zai)明初(chu)為皇城(cheng)西華門出入要道,跨古楊吳(wu)城(cheng)壕。清代為避康熙帝(di)玄(xuan)(xuan)燁之諱,改(gai)為元津(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。
1929年(nian)為迎(ying)接孫中山先生靈梓(zi)而辟(pi)中山東(dong)路(lu)并建逸仙橋,玄津橋不(bu)在做為交通要道(dao)。2001年(nian)仿照(zhao)明(ming)代風(feng)格用漢(han)白玉修復了(le)橋欄。
明洪武元(yuan)年(1368年),按左祖右社之制,明太祖朱元(yuan)璋定四親(qin)廟之祭于南京,其制為每(mei)廟一主,廟皆南向,繚以周垣;
明(ming)洪武九年(nian)(1376年(nian))改建(jian)太(tai)廟(miao),恢復了前廟(miao)后寢制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。正殿幾座止(zhi)設衣(yi)冠而不奉神(shen)(shen)主(zhu),又以親王配(pei)享于(yu)東壁(bi),功(gong)臣配(pei)享于(yu)西(xi)壁(bi)。寢殿九間(jian),分(fen)間(jian)奉藏神(shen)(shen)主(zhu),為(wei)同(tong)堂異室(shi)之制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。“幾席床榻、衾褥軍施、筐笥帷慢器皿之屬,皆(jie)如事生(sheng)之儀(yi)”,明(ming)永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建(jian)北京(jing)(jing)太(tai)廟(miao),規制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與南京(jing)(jing)同(tong)。
明太(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)吳元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1367年(nian)(nian))落(luo)成南(nan)京(jing)社(she)(she)稷壇,如元(yuan)制(zhi),為異壇同譴之(zhi)制(zhi),兩(liang)壇相去(qu)五丈,太(tai)(tai)(tai)社(she)(she)在東,太(tai)(tai)(tai)稷在西(xi),壇而不屋,若(ruo)遇風雨(yu),則于(yu)齋宮望(wang)祭。洪武三年(nian)(nian)(1370年(nian)(nian))于(yu)壇北建享殿(dian)五間(jian),又北建拜殿(dian)五間(jian),以備風雨(yu)。洪武十年(nian)(nian)(1377年(nian)(nian)),太(tai)(tai)(tai)祖(zu)朱元(yuan)璋認(ren)為社(she)(she)稷分為二壇祭祀(si)不合經(jing)典,于(yu)是按“左祖(zu)右(you)社(she)(she)”古制(zhi),改作(zuo)社(she)(she)稷壇于(yu)午門(men)外(wai)之(zhi)右(you),社(she)(she)稷共(gong)為一(yi)壇。
明(ming)故宮散落遺(yi)跡眾多,包括地上地下(xia)的,和流散文物,此處僅為部(bu)分(fen)散落遺(yi)跡。
南(nan)京桂林(lin)(lin)石屋遺(yi)址內(nei)的一些明(ming)故宮遺(yi)跡,有柱欄、石螭(chi)等,是原國民黨主席林(lin)(lin)森修建自己的別墅(shu)桂林(lin)(lin)石屋特意從明(ming)故宮遺(yi)址上(shang)“調用(yong)”的一批石雕。
浙(zhe)江菩(pu)陀山法(fa)雨寺(si)中(zhong)的(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)遺跡:清(qing)康(kang)熙三十(shi)八(ba)年(1699年),經(jing)康(kang)熙批準,拆遷(qian)南京明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)宮(gong)殿(dian)殿(dian)琉(liu)(liu)璃瓦(wa),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)藻(zao)井(jing),丹(dan)陛(bi)等物發(fa)往法(fa)雨寺(si)建(jian)成九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)大(da)(da)殿(dian)(又稱(cheng)圓通殿(dian)),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)殿(dian)為(wei)國內(nei)寺(si)院建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規格(ge)高的(de)一(yi)座佛殿(dian)。法(fa)雨寺(si)中(zhong)還(huan)保(bao)留了原(yuan)本為(wei)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)的(de)丹(dan)陛(bi)、欄板、九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)藻(zao)井(jing)以及(ji)大(da)(da)量的(de)屋頂琉(liu)(liu)璃瓦(wa)、琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian),每一(yi)件(jian)都(dou)十(shi)分(fen)精彩,彌足(zu)珍(zhen)貴。其(qi)中(zhong)珍(zhen)貴的(de)是從(cong)(cong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)大(da)(da)殿(dian)拆來(lai)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)藻(zao)井(jing),被(bei)安置在法(fa)雨寺(si)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)殿(dian)內(nei)中(zhong)間(jian)頂部,九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)條木雕金龍(long)(long)(long)(long)依然完好,經(jing)過修葺但還(huan)基本保(bao)持(chi)原(yuan)樣,充(chong)分(fen)反映出(chu)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)重氣勢(shi)而不追求過分(fen)華麗(li)的(de)“簡樸”風格(ge)。從(cong)(cong)法(fa)雨寺(si)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)殿(dian)琉(liu)(liu)璃頂上的(de)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)以及(ji)其(qi)它一(yi)些明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)來(lai)看,包(bao)括瓦(wa)當、滴水、正(zheng)脊、垂(chui)獸、截獸、正(zheng)吻(wen)等,與(yu)后來(lai)的(de)中(zhong)國明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)清(qing)官(guan)式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)琉(liu)(liu)璃構(gou)件(jian)十(shi)分(fen)相象,可見明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)故(gu)(gu)(gu)宮(gong)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge),裝飾風格(ge)為(wei)中(zhong)國明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)清(qing)官(guan)式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)樣板,影響其(qi)后幾(ji)百年至今(jin)。
明代洪(hong)武(wu)年(nian)間(jian)的(de)(de)陶瓷龍紋(wen)傳世不多,而(er)南京故宮出土的(de)(de)洪(hong)武(wu)白釉紅彩龍紋(wen)盤(pan)是有代表(biao)性的(de)(de)。其龍紋(wen)的(de)(de)造型基本上保(bao)持著(zhu)元代龍紋(wen)的(de)(de)形(xing)狀(zhuang):頭(tou)小,頸細(xi),身細(xi)長,鱗狀(zhuang)龍紋(wen),周圍襯托以火焰紋(wen),如意頭(tou)狀(zhuang)朵云;頭(tou)的(de)(de)疏(shu)毛(mao)和肘的(de)(de)毛(mao)比元代更少,僅三(san)、四條而(er)矣;龍爪五趾(zhi),改變了元代時三(san)、四趾(zhi)的(de)(de)現象,而(er)且這時的(de)(de)五趾(zhi)相(xiang)靠較近。
1995年8月中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun),在(zai)明(ming)故宮(gong)皇城遺址內(nei)(nei),玉(yu)帶河西側施(shi)工工地發現(xian)一口古井(jing)(jing)(jing)。井(jing)(jing)(jing)直徑3米(mi),井(jing)(jing)(jing)壁使用(yong)了(le)楔形磚砌成,古井(jing)(jing)(jing)早年荒廢,在(zai)淘井(jing)(jing)(jing)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)井(jing)(jing)(jing)底(di)(di)橫放一排方木(mu),在(zai)木(mu)排上淤泥(ni)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土了(le)一批白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)。有(you)(you)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)盞(zhan)(zhan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)盤(pan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)爵杯和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發現(xian)在(zai)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)上用(yong)紅(hong)色(se)書寫(xie)“賞(shang)賜(si)”的(de)(de)(de)梅瓶。經國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)多位古陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)專(zhuan)家(jia)鑒定,定為(wei)明(ming)洪(hong)武瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)。這是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)惟一的(de)(de)(de)一件(jian)明(ming)洪(hong)武“賞(shang)賜(si)”梅瓶,現(xian)存(cun)于(yu)南京博物(wu)院,為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級國(guo)(guo)寶藏品(pin)。此梅瓶高34厘米(mi)、底(di)(di)徑10.5厘米(mi)。細頸(jing)、豐肩、瘦長腹、下(xia)腹微斂,脛部外撇(pie)。腹部有(you)(you)兩(liang)道明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)胎接痕,底(di)(di)部斑駁釉(you)(you)(you)跡。呈(cheng)色(se)介于(yu)元樞俯釉(you)(you)(you)和(he)明(ming)永樂(le)甜白(bai)(bai)(bai)之間,肩部豎寫(xie)楷書“賞(shang)賜(si)”二(er)字,為(wei)鐵(tie)紅(hong)料釉(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)。此梅瓶和(he)洪(hong)武十二(er)年吳禎墓出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)梅瓶相(xiang)比,更接近元代(dai)風格,為(wei)明(ming)洪(hong)武早期產(chan)品(pin),是(shi)(shi)景(jing)德鎮洪(hong)武官窯(yao)(yao)為(wei)朱元璋(zhang)專(zhuan)門燒制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)酒器。井(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)還出(chu)(chu)土了(le)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)(zhan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)爵杯。這批白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)作規范(fan),釉(you)(you)(you)色(se)溫潤(run),有(you)(you)明(ming)永樂(le)甜白(bai)(bai)(bai)之氣。盤(pan)、盞(zhan)(zhan)底(di)(di)足平切,均為(wei)細砂底(di)(di)。但(dan)無一件(jian)有(you)(you)永樂(le)刻(ke)款,應晚于(yu)“賞(shang)賜(si)”梅瓶,是(shi)(shi)明(ming)永樂(le)甜白(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)(de)(de)前身(shen)。值得一提的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)暗花(hua)五爪龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)產(chan)品(pin)。從(cong)表面(mian)看此類盞(zhan)(zhan)與其他(ta)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)盞(zhan)(zhan)無任何區別(bie),在(zai)燈光照下(xia)薄薄的(de)(de)(de)盞(zhan)(zhan)壁中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)錐(zhui)刻(ke)精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)五爪龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)盤(pan)壁模印五爪龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),盤(pan)心(xin)有(you)(you)淺刻(ke)三(san)朵(duo)云紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和(he)寶杵紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。兩(liang)種紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)是(shi)(shi)明(ming)洪(hong)武時期典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)。特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)白(bai)(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)爵杯,是(shi)(shi)帝王祭(ji)祀用(yong)品(pin),生產(chan)數量極少,非常珍貴。這批白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)土,證明(ming)了(le)明(ming)早期洪(hong)武官窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai),反映了(le)明(ming)早期白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)(de)(de)面(mian)貌。
2003年(nian)6月,南(nan)京航(hang)空(kong)航(hang)天(tian)大(da)學綜合(he)辦公大(da)樓(lou)建設工地(di)發現一座古(gu)水井,土了大(da)批明代珍貴文物(wu),其(qi)中(zhong)有件(jian)(jian)龍(long)泉青瓷(ci)大(da)罐,制(zhi)作甚精,堪(kan)稱明代龍(long)泉青瓷(ci)少有的發現,對于(yu)探討明代龍(long)泉官窯燒(shao)造(zao)以(yi)(yi)及元明龍(long)泉青瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型演變(bian)具(ju)有重要(yao)意義。井內水位較高,而無淤泥,大(da)量填充于(yu)內的是(shi)(shi)明代各(ge)種建筑構(gou)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)有不(bu)少建筑構(gou)件(jian)(jian)發黑,似火燒(shao)后留下的痕跡。根據(ju)材(cai)質的不(bu)同,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)將出土文物(wu)分為(wei)(wei)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)、石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、金(jin)屬(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)、瓷(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)。陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)除少量韓(han)瓶,余皆為(wei)(wei)建筑構(gou)件(jian)(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)又以(yi)(yi)琉璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)大(da)宗(zong)。琉璃構(gou)件(jian)(jian)均為(wei)(wei)黃色,包(bao)括各(ge)種龍(long)紋瓦當、滴(di)水,各(ge)種尺(chi)寸的板瓦、筒瓦,角套獸(shou)殘(can)(can)(can)件(jian)(jian),壓脊獸(shou)殘(can)(can)(can)件(jian)(jian),吻獸(shou)殘(can)(can)(can)件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)方形(xing)鋪地(di)磚(zhuan)、石(shi)欄桿(gan)柱(zhu)頭殘(can)(can)(can)件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)。金(jin)屬(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)用于(yu)門(men)窗的各(ge)種構(gou)件(jian)(jian)和(he)裝飾器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian),如大(da)型的銅門(men)窩、圓形(xing)或(huo)方形(xing)銅柱(zhu)帽、云形(xing)銅飾件(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng),除此以(yi)(yi)外還有大(da)面積的銅絲網,金(jin)屬(shu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)皿等(deng)(deng)。
南京明故宮(gong)遺址公園位于(yu)南京市城東原(yuan)明朝皇城遺址,南邊(bian)以中(zhong)山東路(lu)為界,與午朝門(men)公園隔(ge)路(lu)相望,北(bei)面至北(bei)安(an)門(men)橋,由東西兩(liang)(liang)側明故宮(gong)路(lu)圍合的部(bu)分(fen)(fen)占地(di)約(yue)55474平方米,遺址被(bei)分(fen)(fen)為南北(bei)兩(liang)(liang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。
2005年和2006年的環境綜合整(zheng)治(zhi),整(zheng)治(zhi)后的公園管理服務用房比過去(qu)減少600平方米(mi),只占總面(mian)積的4.7%,而綠化面(mian)積達35600多(duo)平方米(mi),占總面(mian)積的70% [28]
從(cong)南(nan)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)進(jin)入后首先是以(yi)草坪為主(zhu)(zhu)基調(diao)的(de)基臺奉天殿(dian)(dian)(dian),它和已有的(de)華(hua)蓋殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、謹身殿(dian)(dian)(dian),形成(cheng)以(yi)舊制象(xiang)征性的(de)三(san)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)須彌座輪廓主(zhu)(zhu)景(jing),三(san)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)四周以(yi)青灰色石材鋪設(she),既為游人提(ti)供活(huo)動空間,又以(yi)宮(gong)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)統格局“土”字造型突(tu)出宮(gong)城主(zhu)(zhu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)格局。
公園(yuan)后(hou)半部(bu)分(fen)以(yi)御花園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)綠化為背景(jing),中(zhong)軸線上以(yi)高(gao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)樹(shu)銀杏樹(shu)池四(si)周配以(yi)青石木條,東側(ce)以(yi)亭(ting)為主(zhu)(zhu)景(jing),配以(yi)青磚(zhuan)等不(bu)同形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)林(lin)間小(xiao)道,西以(yi)一組仿古(gu)建筑為主(zhu)(zhu)景(jing)。北大(da)殿兩(liang)側(ce)新(xin)建兩(liang)個(ge)角亭(ting)。在保留原有綠化的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,為體現紫禁城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)宏偉氣勢,環(huan)境整治中(zhong)新(xin)增鋪磚(zhuan)地10000平方米(mi),增加的(de)(de)(de)植物有銀杏、香樟、國(guo)槐、五針松、紅楓、櫸樹(shu)和(he)桂花等名(ming)貴喬木700余多株,公園(yuan)四(si)周栽植法青18000株,形(xing)成綠蘺墻,從而形(xing)成色彩多樣、層次豐富(fu)、疏密(mi)有致、季相(xiang)變化明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)林(lin)景(jing)觀,外(wai)五龍橋、午朝門、內五龍橋、明故(gu)宮公園(yuan)、御帶河這一縱(zong)向城(cheng)市(shi)軸線為明故(gu)宮景(jing)觀的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點。
2011年后(hou),南(nan)京市政府規劃論證新的保護利用明故宮(gong)遺址的方(fang)案(an),并打(da)造成(cheng)國家級遺址公園。
2015年2月初,國(guo)家(jia)文(wen)物局官方(fang)網站(zhan)公布《關于明故(gu)(gu)宮遺址核心區環境(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治及重(zhong)點遺跡(ji)標(biao)識展(zhan)示工(gong)程(cheng)立項(xiang)的(de)批復》,文(wen)件中(zhong)寫明:“原則同意(yi)明故(gu)(gu)宮遺址御道(dao)街景觀(guan)標(biao)識、午門廣場環境(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治、中(zhong)山東路道(dao)路鋪裝改造(zao)、三大殿(dian)臺基遺跡(ji)標(biao)識展(zhan)示等工(gong)程(cheng)立項(xiang)。”
標識系(xi)統還原宮城
2012年(nian),由(you)東南(nan)大學教授陳薇領銜設計的(de)(de)《南(nan)京明(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)遺址(zhi)保(bao)(bao)護總體(ti)規(2012~2032)》中提到,保(bao)(bao)護規劃時間(jian)跨(kua)度為(wei)20年(nian),其中按照(zhao)時間(jian)順序,大致要點為(wei)明(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中軸線中心(xin)區的(de)(de)完整(zheng)保(bao)(bao)護與展示,即(ji)御道(dao)街的(de)(de)景觀改(gai)造、兩個遺址(zhi)公園的(de)(de)本體(ti)展示和環境改(gai)造;明(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)壕的(de)(de)溝(gou)通與環境整(zheng)治;三(san)大殿(dian)遺址(zhi)考(kao)古保(bao)(bao)護棚;復(fu)建宮(gong)(gong)(gong)城東北角(jiao)樓;乾清宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、省躬殿(dian)、坤(kun)寧宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、社稷廟(miao)、太廟(miao)的(de)(de)考(kao)古展示;西安門(men)(men)、東安門(men)(men)、東華門(men)(men)、西華門(men)(men)等遺址(zhi)公園的(de)(de)完整(zheng)與建設等。同(tong)時,文物部門(men)(men)還將在明(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)遺址(zhi)上豎(shu)立標識系(xi)統,標記出明(ming)故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)內(nei)各大殿(dian)、水(shui)系(xi)、道(dao)路的(de)(de)布局(ju)。在不用(yong)復(fu)建所有宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,能讓人們對600年(nian)前的(de)(de)明(ming)朝(chao)皇宮(gong)(gong)(gong)有總體(ti)了(le)解。
此次國家文物局的(de)批復(fu)書中提到(dao),為了加(jia)強對已有考(kao)(kao)古(gu)資料(liao)的(de)研(yan)究(jiu),將由專業考(kao)(kao)古(gu)研(yan)究(jiu)單位(wei)在明(ming)(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上補充(chong)開(kai)展(zhan)必要的(de)考(kao)(kao)古(gu)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),明(ming)(ming)(ming)確(que)明(ming)(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)布(bu)局特征、營造(zao)方式及(ji)遺(yi)跡(ji)保存情(qing)況,為環境(jing)整治(zhi)及(ji)標(biao)識(shi)展(zhan)示工(gong)(gong)程的(de)實(shi)施(shi)提供(gong)依據。三大殿(dian)臺基遺(yi)跡(ji)及(ji)兩宮生(sheng)活區的(de)環境(jing)整治(zhi)及(ji)標(biao)識(shi)展(zhan)示工(gong)(gong)程,則應注意控制(zhi)總(zong)體景觀(guan)環境(jing),突(tu)出遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氛圍,恰當體現明(ming)(ming)(ming)故宮遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)核心價(jia)值。應深(shen)化標(biao)識(shi)系統(tong)的(de)內(nei)容(rong)設計。科(ke)學、全面、準確(que)地闡釋(shi)遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)涵(han),并盡量(liang)做到(dao)通俗易懂。
明(ming)故宮遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)范圍內有民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)時期建(jian)起來的(de)明(ming)故宮飛機(ji)場,國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)政府(fu)多(duo)個中央機(ji)構也(ye)建(jian)在明(ming)故宮原址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。中國(guo)(guo)第二歷史(shi)檔案(an)館(原國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)黨(dang)中央黨(dang)史(shi)史(shi)料(liao)陳列館舊址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))、鐘山(shan)賓館(原勵(li)志社(she)舊址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))以(yi)及原國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)黨(dang)中央監察委員(yuan)會辦公樓舊址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等建(jian)筑均(jun)為民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)筑。在將(jiang)來的(de)明(ming)故宮遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核心(xin)區的(de)環境整(zheng)治中,這些民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)筑將(jiang)進行原址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)護。