五(wu)人墓為明代蘇州(zhou)市(shi)民(min)(min)反(fan)對魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)斗爭(zheng)中殉難的(de)(de)(de)顏佩韋(wei)、楊(yang)念(nian)如(ru)、沈揚、馬(ma)杰(jie)、周文元等(deng)五(wu)位(wei)義士(shi)之(zhi)墓。天(tian)啟年間(1621~1627)閹(yan)黨(dang)執政(zheng),朝(chao)政(zheng)黑暗(an)。蘇州(zhou)織造太監李實、巡撫毛一鷺阿(a)附(fu)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian),殘酷壓迫、盤剝人民(min)(min),激(ji)起(qi)市(shi)民(min)(min)強烈(lie)不(bu)滿。天(tian)啟六年,魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)派緹騎到蘇州(zhou)逮(dai)捕(bu)東林黨(dang)人魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)殺害了(le)楊(yang)漣、左光(guang)斗后,掌握了(le)朝(chao)政(zheng)大(da)(da)權。他把(ba)迎(ying)合(he)他的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員和徒子(zi)徒孫統統提拔起(qi)來(lai),擔任朝(chao)廷要職(zhi)。有的(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)他出(chu)謀劃策,有的(de)(de)(de)專門(men)干特務殺人的(de)(de)(de)勾當(dang)。民(min)(min)間給他們起(qi)了(le)一些綽號,叫(jiao)(jiao)做“五(wu)虎”、“五(wu)彪”、“十(shi)狗”、“十(shi)孩(hai)兒”、“四十(shi)孫”。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)權力大(da)(da)得不(bu)得了(le),無論是(shi)朝(chao)廷和地方的(de)(de)(de)官(guan)員,要想保(bao)住位(wei)子(zi),就得向(xiang)他奉承(cheng)。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)出(chu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)時候,排場跟皇帝一模一樣,大(da)(da)家也把(ba)他當(dang)皇帝看(kan)待。封(feng)建(jian)時代把(ba)皇帝稱(cheng)(cheng)做“萬歲(sui)(sui)”。魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)是(shi)皇帝,不(bu)能叫(jiao)(jiao)他“萬歲(sui)(sui)”。有個(ge)官(guan)員把(ba)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)稱(cheng)(cheng)作“九千(qian)歲(sui)(sui)”,魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)聽(ting)了(le)很(hen)高興(xing),重賞了(le)那(nei)官(guan)員。打那(nei)以后,魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)就成了(le)“九千(qian)歲(sui)(sui)”了(le)。還有個(ge)浙江的(de)(de)(de)巡撫,為了(le)討好魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian),給魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)造了(le)個(ge)祠(ci)堂。一般祠(ci)堂都(dou)是(shi)為紀念(nian)死去的(de)(de)(de)人造的(de)(de)(de),魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)還活著(zhu),就造起(qi)祠(ci)堂來(lai),所以叫(jiao)(jiao)做“生祠(ci)”。這樣的(de)(de)(de)怪事(shi)一出(chu)來(lai),就有人反(fan)對,魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)把(ba)反(fan)對的(de)(de)(de)人革了(le)職(zhi)。各個(ge)地方官(guan)怕得罪他,紛紛造起(qi)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“生祠(ci)”來(lai)。
那個時候,朝廷上(shang)下(xia)都是(shi)閹(yan)黨(dang)(dang)和迎合(he)閹(yan)黨(dang)(dang)的(de)官員,稍微有點正義感的(de)人不(bu)愿意(yi)跟他(ta)們(men)同流合(he)污,都辭了(le)(le)(le)職(zhi)。有個官員周順昌(chang)(chang),看不(bu)慣閹(yan)黨(dang)(dang)橫行(xing),請了(le)(le)(le)長假回蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)閑居。公元1626年,魏忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)又(you)一次大(da)捕東(dong)林(lin)黨(dang)(dang),兵(bing)士押(ya)解(jie)了(le)(le)(le)一個東(dong)林(lin)黨(dang)(dang)官員路過蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou),周順昌(chang)(chang)替他(ta)擺酒席送行(xing),在(zai)宴席上(shang)指名道姓大(da)罵魏忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)。押(ya)送的(de)兵(bing)士回去,報告了(le)(le)(le)魏忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)。魏忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)大(da)怒,命令東(dong)廠(chang)派出(chu)兵(bing)士,由南京巡撫毛一鷺帶(dai)領,到(dao)蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)捉拿周順昌(chang)(chang)。東(dong)廠(chang)到(dao)蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)抓人的(de)消息(xi)一傳開,轟動了(le)(le)(le)蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)民。二十多年前,蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)市(shi)(shi)民在(zai)葛賢(xian)(xian)的(de)領導下(xia),曾經(jing)跟稅監斗爭過。現(xian)在(zai)魏忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)的(de)特務又(you)到(dao)蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)來(lai)抓人,怎么(me)不(bu)激起大(da)家的(de)氣憤。再說,周順昌(chang)(chang)為反對閹(yan)黨(dang)(dang)遭(zao)到(dao)迫害,大(da)家也都同情(qing)他(ta)。所以到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)東(dong)廠(chang)兵(bing)士到(dao)蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)的(de)那天,蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)(zhou)成千上(shang)萬市(shi)(shi)民擁上(shang)街頭(tou),聲援周順昌(chang)(chang)。
大(da)家攔住毛(mao)一(yi)(yi)鷺的(de)(de)轎子,推了(le)(le)幾名秀(xiu)才向毛(mao)一(yi)(yi)鷺請愿,要求(qiu)取(qu)消逮捕周順昌的(de)(de)命令(ling)。毛(mao)一(yi)(yi)鷺見群(qun)眾聲(sheng)勢浩大(da),嚇得滿頭大(da)汗,一(yi)(yi)句話都說不出(chu)來。旁邊的(de)(de)兵士著(zhu)急(ji)了(le)(le),他們把手里的(de)(de)鐵鐐(liao)往地下一(yi)(yi)扔,厲聲(sheng)嚇唬(hu)說:“我們是東廠來的(de)(de),誰敢(gan)阻擋!”
鐵鐐發出“當啷”的(de)聲音,市民們被激怒(nu)了(le)。有人站(zhan)出來責問兵士說(shuo):“你們不是說(shuo)奉皇(huang)上(shang)的(de)圣旨(zhi)抓人嗎(ma)?原來是東(dong)廠搞(gao)的(de)鬼!”
兵士(shi)還來不及回答,群(qun)眾(zhong)都高(gao)叫起(qi)來:“原來是東廠來的(de)(de)(de)奸(jian)賊!”大伙(huo)一(yi)面(mian)叫,一(yi)面(mian)向(xiang)毛(mao)(mao)一(yi)鷺(lu)和兵士(shi)沖過去,聲(sheng)音像山(shan)崩地(di)裂一(yi)樣。這些平日仗勢(shi)欺人的(de)(de)(de)兵士(shi)嚇得東奔西竄(cuan),想(xiang)逃(tao)出(chu)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)包圍。憤怒的(de)(de)(de)群(qun)眾(zhong)趕上去,把他們揪住,劈頭蓋腦地(di)痛(tong)打(da)。一(yi)個兵士(shi)被擊中(zhong)了(le)心窩,倒在地(di)上滾(gun)了(le)滾(gun),就斷了(le)氣。其余的(de)(de)(de)兵士(shi)也(ye)被打(da)得頭破血流,連滾(gun)帶(dai)爬(pa)地(di)逃(tao)走了(le)。市(shi)民們痛(tong)打(da)了(le)兵士(shi),一(yi)不做,二(er)不休,要(yao)找毛(mao)(mao)一(yi)鷺(lu)算賬。毛(mao)(mao)一(yi)鷺(lu)還算乖巧,早(zao)鉆出(chu)轎(jiao)子,趁人群(qun)亂轟(hong)轟(hong)的(de)(de)(de)時候,脫了(le)官服,從一(yi)條小巷(xiang)里溜出(chu)去,正見到前面(mian)有一(yi)個糞(fen)坑,也(ye)顧不得體(ti)面(mian),鉆到臭氣熏天的(de)(de)(de)糞(fen)坑角落里。直到市(shi)民群(qun)眾(zhong)散去,隨從們才從糞(fen)坑邊把嚇昏了(le)的(de)(de)(de)巡撫拖了(le)出(chu)來。
東廠特(te)務逃回去后(hou),立刻向魏(wei)(wei)忠賢(xian)哭訴。魏(wei)(wei)忠賢(xian)哪肯(ken)罷休,命(ming)令毛一鷺(lu)派兵到蘇州鎮(zhen)壓。他們把(ba)那(nei)天帶領(ling)市民(min)暴(bao)動(dong)的(de)顏佩韋、楊念(nian)如、馬(ma)杰、沈(shen)揚、周文元(yuan)五人抓進(jin)監牢,加上一個煽動(dong)叛亂的(de)罪名,把(ba)他們定了死罪。
當五個(ge)人被押到(dao)刑場就義的(de)時候,他們(men)神色自若,還指著魏忠賢、毛一(yi)鷺(lu)的(de)名字大罵(ma)哩!
他們犧牲之后(hou),當地人民(min)出了錢,從劊子手那里(li)領回尸體,把(ba)他們安葬在虎丘東邊(bian)的山塘上(shang)。后(hou)來,還立了墓(mu)碑,碑上(shang)寫著“五人之墓(mu)”。
這次暴動雖然被鎮壓下去(qu),但是打(da)那以后,東廠的特(te)務看(kan)到了(le)群眾的力(li)量(liang),再不敢竄到各地亂抓人了(le)。
吏部(bu)員外郎周順昌(chang)。順昌(chang)居官清(qing)正,受到(dao)市民(min)擁(yong)戴,故蘇(su)州(zhou)城鄉數萬(wan)人(ren)為周順昌(chang)免遭逮捕(bu)而(er)不期群(qun)集。當(dang)緹騎開讀詔書時(shi),憤怒的群(qun)眾大聲(sheng)喧嘩,哭(ku)聲(sheng)四(si)起。市民(min)顏(yan)佩(pei)韋(wei)率先向兩臺使訟周順昌(chang)冤,楊(yang)念如、沈揚、馬(ma)杰、周文(wen)元(yuan)等四(si)人(ren)亦(yi)偕諸生求其疏(shu)救,跪乞至午不起。緹騎持械(xie)大打出手(shou),引起眾怒,遂蜂擁(yong)而(er)前(qian)(qian),攀欄折楣,直前(qian)(qian)奮(fen)擊。緹騎二人(ren)當(dang)場斃(bi)命,余(yu)負傷鼠竄,毛一鷺賴(lai)蘇(su)州(zhou)知府寇(kou)慎等保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)得免。事(shi)后(hou),蘇(su)州(zhou)府出動軍(jun)隊保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)緹騎,并連夜將(jiang)周順昌(chang)解走。毛一鷺則飛章告(gao)蘇(su)州(zhou)民(min)反,并三上(shang)疏(shu),欲以擒獲(huo)首亂功(gong)自(zi)解。城內外士民(min)人(ren)人(ren)自(zi)危,顏(yan)佩(pei)韋(wei)等五(wu)人(ren)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)當(dang)地群(qun)眾,挺身而(er)出,自(zi)系入獄。臨刑時(shi)大義(yi)凜(lin)然,英(ying)勇就義(yi)。當(dang)地人(ren)士感五(wu)人(ren)之(zhi)義(yi),將(jiang)他們合葬于虎丘(qiu)之(zhi)側,題稱“五(wu)人(ren)之(zhi)墓(mu)(mu)”。復社領導成員張溥為作“五(wu)人(ren)墓(mu)(mu)碑(bei)記”。
五人墓 桑調元
吳下無斯(si)墓,要離冢(zhong)亦孤。
義聲(sheng)噓俠烈。悲吊有屠沽。
阘冗朝廷黨,崢嶸(rong)里巷夫。
田(tian)橫(heng)島中(zhong)士,足敵五(wu)人無?
五人墓 林云鳳
五人埋骨處,客過(guo)每停舟(zhou)。
姓氏聞高(gao)闕,精(jing)靈傍虎丘。
宦官應斂跡,緹騎(qi)尚含愁。
若不鋒(feng)端死,空成(cheng)俠少游。
【注】①林云鳳,明代長州(江蘇蘇州)人。【譯文】在埋(mai)葬疼五(wu)(wu)義士的(de)地方,過往的(de)客人都停船憑吊。義士的(de)姓名被朝廷(ting)表彰(zhang),英(ying)靈永在虎丘旁。他們的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)義行為(wei)使宦官收斂劣跡,緹騎們也心有余(yu)悸。若不(bu)是為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng)義而(er)犧牲(sheng),五(wu)(wu)義士也不(bu)過空自(zi)成為(wei)普通的(de)游俠之(zhi)士。