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簡介

玄妙觀(guan)在江蘇(su)省蘇(su)州市,始建(jian)于西晉咸寧(ning)二年，唐代稱(cheng)開元宮，北宋(song)稱(cheng)天慶(qing)觀(guan)，元代改今名，曾多次毀壞，多次修葺。三清(qing)殿是(shi)玄妙觀(guan)的(de)正殿，重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)于南(nan)宋(song)淳熙六年(1179)，是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)長(chang)江以南(nan)大(da)的(de)木構古建(jian)筑。它既是(shi)宋(song)代官式(shi)建(jian)筑的(de)代表(biao)，也表(biao)現(xian)出地(di)方性(xing)建(jian)筑的(de)特點(dian)，是(shi)研(yan)究宋(song)代南(nan)北建(jian)筑差異的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要例證(zheng)。1982年定為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文物保(bao)護單位。

構造

三(san)清殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)重檐(yan)歇山頂建筑（見大木作），殿(dian)(dian)身面闊七間(jian)，進深四(si)間(jian)，四(si)周加一圈深一間(jian)的(de)副(fu)階(jie)，構成下檐(yan)。殿(dian)(dian)前有寬五間(jian)的(de)月臺。

殿的木構部(bu)分屬殿堂型構架(jia)(jia)(jia)，近似《營造(zao)法式》所載殿身七間(jian)(jian)(jian)副階周(zhou)匝(za)身內(nei)(nei)(nei)金箱斗底槽(cao)(cao)構架(jia)(jia)(jia)。構架(jia)(jia)(jia)由上(shang)(shang)、中(zhong)、下三層(ceng)重疊而成(cheng)(cheng)。下層(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網，沿(yan)周(zhou)邊立(li)兩圈柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子，外(wai)圈22柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，內(nei)(nei)(nei)圈14柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂(ding)(ding)架(jia)(jia)(jia)闌額(e)，連(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)兩個相(xiang)套(tao)的同(tong)高矩形(xing)(xing)框，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)(cao)。又沿(yan)進(jin)深方向(xiang)在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)四道順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)（即(ji)清式的隨梁(liang)枋(fang)(fang)），使柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫(heng)向(xiang)都(dou)連(lian)在(zai)一起。在(zai)四道順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)的中(zhong)部(bu)，下面又立(li)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)現狀的滿堂柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網。中(zhong)層(ceng)是鋪作(zuo)層(ceng)，在(zai)闌額(e)和順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)加普(pu)拍枋(fang)(fang)，枋(fang)(fang)上(shang)(shang)放斗，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)用兩朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪作(zuo)，前(qian)(qian)后(hou)內(nei)(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)用三朵(duo)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪作(zuo)。殿內(nei)(nei)(nei)各鋪作(zuo)頂(ding)(ding)上(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)平枋(fang)(fang)，裝設平，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)殿內(nei)(nei)(nei)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)為屋頂(ding)(ding)構架(jia)(jia)(jia)層(ceng)。除兩山外(wai)，沿(yan)各間(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)深在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之上(shang)(shang)及中(zhong)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)點之上(shang)(shang)（即(ji)脊下）立(li)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，壓在(zai)鋪作(zuo)上(shang)(shang)層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋(fang)(fang)上(shang)(shang)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)梁(liang)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)深12架(jia)(jia)(jia)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)用5柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的6道穿斗式草架(jia)(jia)(jia)。草架(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)檁(lin)，構成(cheng)(cheng)屋頂(ding)(ding)。

蘇州玄妙觀三清殿

概況

殿四(si)周副(fu)階(jie)(jie)在下(xia)檐(yan)柱(zhu)上(shang)用(yong)四(si)鋪作(zuo)斗，上(shang)承副(fu)階(jie)(jie)梁(liang)(liang)架，副(fu)階(jie)(jie)梁(liang)(liang)尾均插(cha)入殿身檐(yan)柱(zhu)。

木構部分

三(san)清殿(dian)木(mu)構(gou)部分(fen)有幾點(dian)值(zhi)得注意：①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)和補(bu)間鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)一(yi)側(ce)(ce)在(zai)(zai)第二跳華以上(shang)(shang)(shang)用了向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)斜舉的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)昂，前(qian)(qian)后內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間順串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)均兩面(mian)出上(shang)(shang)(shang)昂，是現(xian)存早用于大木(mu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)昂實例。②《營(ying)(ying)造(zao)法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂(tang)型(xing)構(gou)架(jia)的(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)層(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)承托明,明同(tong)下(xia)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)順串(chuan)(chuan)間無(wu)補(bu)間鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)前(qian)(qian)后柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間以順串(chuan)(chuan)為梁(liang)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)置三(san)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)不(bu)加(jia)明，直接用斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋承上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)屋(wu)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)構(gou)架(jia)，與《營(ying)(ying)造(zao)法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)》做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)同(tong)，似(si)為明官式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)之(zhi)(zhi)濫(lan)觴。③《營(ying)(ying)造(zao)法(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)》殿(dian)堂(tang)型(xing)構(gou)架(jia)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)只(zhi)沿(yan)周邊一(yi)圈有斗(dou)，整個內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)是一(yi)個橫長的(de)(de)(de)、頂(ding)(ding)(ding)上(shang)(shang)(shang)呈頂(ding)(ding)(ding)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)敞(chang)廳。此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間順串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也加(jia)斗(dou)，把平截成五(wu)段，形(xing)成五(wu)個并列的(de)(de)(de)縱長形(xing)頂(ding)(ding)(ding)小(xiao)廳。外(wai)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)平劃分(fen)也和“金(jin)箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)”小(xiao)異。④唐、宋殿(dian)堂(tang)型(xing)構(gou)架(jia)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子止于鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)。此(ci)(ci)殿(dian)雖絕大部分(fen)如此(ci)(ci)，但內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)后側(ce)(ce)中(zhong)間四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)穿過(guo)平上(shang)(shang)(shang)伸，后檐中(zhong)間六柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也直抵檐檁下(xia)。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)明、次(ci)間四道順串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)間一(yi)朵(duo)(duo)補(bu)間鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)處各立一(yi)根蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)這14根柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，斗(dou)都插在(zai)(zai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)，顯(xian)示出南方(fang)流行的(de)(de)(de)穿斗(dou)式(shi)(shi)構(gou)架(jia)特(te)點(dian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)述四點(dian)中(zhong)，后三(san)點(dian)都反(fan)(fan)映了官式(shi)(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)和地方(fang)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，兩者(zhe)出現(xian)在(zai)(zai)同(tong)一(yi)座建筑(zhu)中(zhong)，反(fan)(fan)映了它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)交流融合(he)過(guo)程。

結構特點

此(ci)殿(dian)現狀(zhuang)為沿副階柱開門窗砌(qi)墻。其門窗、墻壁、翼角、瓦件(jian)等屢經(jing)重修，已不(bu)能反(fan)映宋代風貌。殿(dian)內柱、天(tian)花、草架也多經(jing)抽換更易。另在內槽明、次間四(si)道順串中點下有四(si)根柱，矮于其他內柱，它是原有的還是后加(jia)的，還有不(bu)同看(kan)法。殿(dian)內槽有磚(zhuan)砌(qi)須彌座，上塑三清像，雖經(jing)改裝，基本(ben)上仍是宋代遺物。