玄(xuan)妙(miao)觀在(zai)江(jiang)蘇省蘇州市,始建(jian)于西晉(jin)咸(xian)寧二年,唐代(dai)(dai)稱(cheng)開元(yuan)宮,北宋稱(cheng)天慶觀,元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)改今(jin)名(ming),曾多次(ci)毀(hui)壞,多次(ci)修葺。三清殿(dian)是(shi)玄(xuan)妙(miao)觀的(de)(de)正殿(dian),重(zhong)建(jian)于南宋淳熙六年(1179),是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)長江(jiang)以(yi)南大的(de)(de)木構古(gu)建(jian)筑。它既是(shi)宋代(dai)(dai)官(guan)式建(jian)筑的(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao),也(ye)表(biao)現出地方性建(jian)筑的(de)(de)特(te)點,是(shi)研究(jiu)宋代(dai)(dai)南北建(jian)筑差異的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)例證。1982年定為全國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護(hu)單位。
三清殿(dian)為重檐歇山(shan)頂建筑(見大木(mu)作),殿(dian)身面(mian)闊(kuo)七間(jian),進深四間(jian),四周加一(yi)圈深一(yi)間(jian)的副階(jie),構成下(xia)檐。殿(dian)前(qian)有寬五間(jian)的月臺(tai)。
殿(dian)的(de)木構部(bu)分(fen)屬殿(dian)堂型構架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),近(jin)似(si)《營造(zao)法式》所(suo)載殿(dian)身七間(jian)副階周匝(za)身內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)金(jin)箱斗底槽(cao)構架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。構架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)由上、中、下三(san)層(ceng)重(zhong)疊而(er)成(cheng)(cheng)。下層(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)網,沿(yan)周邊立兩圈(quan)(quan)柱(zhu)(zhu)子,外(wai)圈(quan)(quan)22柱(zhu)(zhu),內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)圈(quan)(quan)14柱(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)頂(ding)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)闌(lan)額,連(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)兩個相套的(de)同高(gao)矩(ju)形(xing)框,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)。又沿(yan)進(jin)深方向在內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)槽(cao)前后四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)四(si)道(dao)順(shun)串(即清式的(de)隨梁枋(fang)(fang)),使柱(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫(heng)向都連(lian)在一起(qi)。在四(si)道(dao)順(shun)串的(de)中部(bu),下面又立四(si)柱(zhu)(zhu),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)現狀的(de)滿堂柱(zhu)(zhu)網。中層(ceng)是鋪作(zuo)層(ceng),在闌(lan)額和順(shun)串上加(jia)普拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang),枋(fang)(fang)上放斗,柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)用兩朵補間(jian)鋪作(zuo),前后內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串上用三(san)朵補間(jian)鋪作(zuo)。殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)各鋪作(zuo)頂(ding)上架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)平(ping)(ping)枋(fang)(fang),裝設平(ping)(ping),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)空間(jian)。上層(ceng)為屋頂(ding)構架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)層(ceng)。除兩山外(wai),沿(yan)各間(jian)進(jin)深在內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)外(wai)槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)之(zhi)上及(ji)中柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)順(shun)串中點之(zhi)上(即脊下)立柱(zhu)(zhu),壓在鋪作(zuo)上層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋(fang)(fang)上,柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)梁,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)深12架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)前后用5柱(zhu)(zhu)的(de)6道(dao)穿(chuan)斗式草架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。草架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)上架(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)檁,構成(cheng)(cheng)屋頂(ding)。
殿(dian)四周副(fu)階(jie)在(zai)下(xia)檐柱上用四鋪作斗,上承副(fu)階(jie)梁(liang)架(jia),副(fu)階(jie)梁(liang)尾均插入殿(dian)身檐柱。
三(san)清殿(dian)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)部分(fen)有幾點(dian)值(zhi)得注(zhu)意:①內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)和補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)向(xiang)內(nei)(nei)一側在(zai)(zai)(zai)第二跳華以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)用(yong)了(le)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)斜舉(ju)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang),前后(hou)(hou)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)三(san)朵(duo)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)均兩面出上(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang),是現存早用(yong)于(yu)大木(mu)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)實例(li)。②《營造法(fa)式(shi)》殿(dian)堂型(xing)(xing)構(gou)(gou)架的(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)層(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)斗(dou)承托明(ming),明(ming)同(tong)下面的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)間(jian)(jian)(jian)無(wu)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)。此殿(dian)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)前后(hou)(hou)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)為梁,上(shang)(shang)(shang)置(zhi)三(san)朵(duo)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo),上(shang)(shang)(shang)面不加明(ming),直接用(yong)斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭(tou)枋(fang)承上(shang)(shang)(shang)層(ceng)屋(wu)頂構(gou)(gou)架,與《營造法(fa)式(shi)》做(zuo)法(fa)不同(tong),似為明(ming)官式(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)之(zhi)濫觴。③《營造法(fa)式(shi)》殿(dian)堂型(xing)(xing)構(gou)(gou)架內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)只沿(yan)周邊一圈有斗(dou),整(zheng)個內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)是一個橫長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)、頂上(shang)(shang)(shang)呈頂形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)敞廳。此殿(dian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)加斗(dou),把(ba)平(ping)(ping)截成(cheng)五(wu)段(duan),形(xing)成(cheng)五(wu)個并列的(de)(de)(de)縱長(chang)形(xing)頂小廳。外槽(cao)(cao)(cao)平(ping)(ping)劃分(fen)也(ye)和“金箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)(cao)(cao)”小異(yi)。④唐、宋(song)殿(dian)堂型(xing)(xing)構(gou)(gou)架柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子止于(yu)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)之(zhi)下。此殿(dian)雖絕(jue)大部分(fen)如此,但內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)后(hou)(hou)側中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)穿過(guo)平(ping)(ping)上(shang)(shang)(shang)伸,后(hou)(hou)檐中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)六柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)直抵檐檁(lin)下。內(nei)(nei)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)明(ming)、次間(jian)(jian)(jian)四道順(shun)串(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)(shang),在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)一朵(duo)補間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)作(zuo)處各立一根(gen)(gen)蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這14根(gen)(gen)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang),斗(dou)都插在(zai)(zai)(zai)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang)(shang)(shang),顯示(shi)出南方流行的(de)(de)(de)穿斗(dou)式(shi)構(gou)(gou)架特(te)點(dian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)述四點(dian)中(zhong)(zhong),后(hou)(hou)三(san)點(dian)都反映了(le)官式(shi)做(zuo)法(fa)和地(di)方做(zuo)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi),兩者出現在(zai)(zai)(zai)同(tong)一座(zuo)建筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong),反映了(le)它們的(de)(de)(de)交流融合過(guo)程。
此殿現狀為沿(yan)副(fu)階柱(zhu)開門(men)窗砌墻。其門(men)窗、墻壁、翼角(jiao)、瓦件(jian)等屢經(jing)重修,已不能(neng)反映宋代風貌。殿內(nei)柱(zhu)、天花(hua)、草(cao)架也多經(jing)抽換(huan)更(geng)易(yi)。另在內(nei)槽明、次間四(si)(si)道(dao)順串中點下有四(si)(si)根柱(zhu),矮于其他內(nei)柱(zhu),它(ta)是原有的(de)(de)還(huan)是后(hou)加(jia)的(de)(de),還(huan)有不同看法。殿內(nei)槽有磚砌須彌座(zuo),上塑三清像,雖經(jing)改裝,基本上仍是宋代遺物。