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簡介

玄妙觀(guan)(guan)在江蘇省(sheng)蘇州市(shi),始建(jian)于西晉咸寧(ning)二年(nian)，唐(tang)代稱(cheng)開元宮，北宋(song)稱(cheng)天慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)，元代改(gai)今名(ming)，曾多次(ci)毀(hui)壞(huai)，多次(ci)修葺。三清殿是玄妙觀(guan)(guan)的(de)正殿，重建(jian)于南宋(song)淳熙(xi)六年(nian)(1179)，是中國(guo)長江以南大的(de)木構(gou)古建(jian)筑(zhu)。它(ta)既(ji)是宋(song)代官(guan)式建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)代表，也表現出地方性建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)特點(dian)，是研究宋(song)代南北建(jian)筑(zhu)差異的(de)重要(yao)例證。1982年(nian)定為(wei)全國(guo)重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)。

構造

三(san)清殿為重檐(yan)歇山頂建筑（見大木作），殿身面(mian)闊七(qi)間(jian)，進(jin)深四(si)間(jian)，四(si)周加一(yi)圈深一(yi)間(jian)的副階(jie)，構成下檐(yan)。殿前有寬五間(jian)的月臺。

殿(dian)的木構(gou)部分屬(shu)殿(dian)堂型構(gou)架(jia)(jia)，近似《營造法式》所載殿(dian)身七間(jian)(jian)(jian)副階(jie)周匝身內(nei)金箱斗底槽(cao)構(gou)架(jia)(jia)。構(gou)架(jia)(jia)由上(shang)、中(zhong)、下(xia)(xia)三層(ceng)(ceng)重疊而成(cheng)(cheng)。下(xia)(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)為柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網，沿(yan)(yan)(yan)周邊(bian)立(li)兩圈柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子，外圈22柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，內(nei)圈14柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頂架(jia)(jia)闌額(e)，連(lian)成(cheng)(cheng)兩個相套的同高矩形框(kuang)，形成(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)外槽(cao)。又沿(yan)(yan)(yan)進(jin)深(shen)(shen)方向(xiang)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)槽(cao)前(qian)后四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)(jia)四道順(shun)串（即清式的隨(sui)梁(liang)枋），使柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)端縱橫向(xiang)都連(lian)在(zai)(zai)一起。在(zai)(zai)四道順(shun)串的中(zhong)部，下(xia)(xia)面(mian)又立(li)四柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，形成(cheng)(cheng)現狀的滿堂柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)網。中(zhong)層(ceng)(ceng)是鋪作(zuo)(zuo)層(ceng)(ceng)，在(zai)(zai)闌額(e)和順(shun)串上(shang)加普拍枋，枋上(shang)放(fang)斗，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)用兩朵補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪作(zuo)(zuo)，前(qian)后內(nei)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串上(shang)用三朵補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪作(zuo)(zuo)。殿(dian)內(nei)各(ge)鋪作(zuo)(zuo)頂上(shang)架(jia)(jia)平(ping)枋，裝設平(ping)，形成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)內(nei)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為屋(wu)頂構(gou)架(jia)(jia)層(ceng)(ceng)。除兩山(shan)外，沿(yan)(yan)(yan)各(ge)間(jian)(jian)(jian)進(jin)深(shen)(shen)在(zai)(zai)內(nei)外槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)之上(shang)及(ji)中(zhong)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串中(zhong)點之上(shang)（即脊下(xia)(xia)）立(li)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，壓在(zai)(zai)鋪作(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭枋上(shang)，柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)架(jia)(jia)梁(liang)，形成(cheng)(cheng)深(shen)(shen)12架(jia)(jia)前(qian)后用5柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的6道穿(chuan)斗式草架(jia)(jia)。草架(jia)(jia)上(shang)架(jia)(jia)檁，構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)屋(wu)頂。

蘇州玄妙觀三清殿

概況

殿(dian)四周副(fu)(fu)階在下檐柱上用四鋪作斗，上承副(fu)(fu)階梁(liang)架，副(fu)(fu)階梁(liang)尾(wei)均插入(ru)殿(dian)身檐柱。

木構部分

三清殿(dian)(dian)(dian)木(mu)(mu)構部分(fen)有幾點(dian)值得注意：①內槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭和(he)補(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作向內一(yi)側(ce)(ce)在第二跳華以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)用了(le)向上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)斜(xie)舉的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)，前后內槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三朵補(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作均兩面(mian)出(chu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)，是現(xian)存早用于大(da)木(mu)(mu)作中的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)昂(ang)實例。②《營造(zao)法式》殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂型(xing)構架的(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)作層柱(zhu)(zhu)頭斗(dou)承托明,明同下(xia)面(mian)的(de)(de)順(shun)串間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)無補(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內槽(cao)前后柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以順(shun)串為梁(liang)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)置(zhi)三朵補(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)面(mian)不加(jia)明，直接用斗(dou)的(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)頭枋承上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)層屋頂(ding)(ding)構架，與《營造(zao)法式》做(zuo)法不同，似(si)為明官(guan)式做(zuo)法之濫觴。③《營造(zao)法式》殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂型(xing)構架內槽(cao)只沿周邊一(yi)圈有斗(dou)，整個內槽(cao)是一(yi)個橫長(chang)的(de)(de)、頂(ding)(ding)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)呈(cheng)頂(ding)(ding)形的(de)(de)敞(chang)廳。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)在內槽(cao)柱(zhu)(zhu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)加(jia)斗(dou)，把平截(jie)成五段，形成五個并列的(de)(de)縱長(chang)形頂(ding)(ding)小廳。外槽(cao)平劃分(fen)也(ye)和(he)“金箱斗(dou)底槽(cao)”小異(yi)。④唐(tang)、宋殿(dian)(dian)(dian)堂型(xing)構架柱(zhu)(zhu)子止于鋪(pu)(pu)作之下(xia)。此(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)雖絕大(da)部分(fen)如此(ci)，但(dan)內槽(cao)后側(ce)(ce)中間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)四(si)(si)柱(zhu)(zhu)穿過(guo)平上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)伸，后檐中間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)六(liu)柱(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)直抵檐檁下(xia)。內槽(cao)明、次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)四(si)(si)道(dao)順(shun)串上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，在中間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)朵補(bu)(bu)(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)作處各立一(yi)根蜀柱(zhu)(zhu)。在這14根柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，斗(dou)都插(cha)在柱(zhu)(zhu)身上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，顯示出(chu)南方(fang)流行的(de)(de)穿斗(dou)式構架特點(dian)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)述四(si)(si)點(dian)中，后三點(dian)都反(fan)映了(le)官(guan)式做(zuo)法和(he)地方(fang)做(zuo)法的(de)(de)差異(yi)，兩者出(chu)現(xian)在同一(yi)座建(jian)筑(zhu)中，反(fan)映了(le)它(ta)們的(de)(de)交流融合過(guo)程。

結構特點

此殿現狀為沿副階柱開門窗砌(qi)墻。其門窗、墻壁、翼角(jiao)、瓦件等屢(lv)經(jing)重修，已不(bu)能反(fan)映(ying)宋代(dai)風貌。殿內柱、天花、草架也多經(jing)抽換更易。另在內槽明(ming)、次間四道順串中點下(xia)有(you)四根柱，矮于其他內柱，它是原有(you)的(de)還(huan)是后加的(de)，還(huan)有(you)不(bu)同看法。殿內槽有(you)磚砌(qi)須彌座(zuo)，上塑三清像(xiang)，雖(sui)經(jing)改裝，基(ji)本(ben)上仍是宋代(dai)遺物。