芒果视频下载

主要建筑

正陽門城樓

門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)坐落在(zai)磚(zhuan)砌城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)窄下(xia)(xia)寬，有明(ming)顯的收分，寬95米(mi)(mi)，厚31.45米(mi)(mi)，高(gao)14.7米(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺南(nan)北上(shang)(shang)沿各有1.2米(mi)(mi)高(gao)的宇墻，占(zhan)地3047平方米(mi)(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)(shang)以(yi)(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)海(hai)墁。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)為(wei)灰筒瓦綠琉(liu)璃剪邊重檐歇(xie)山三滴(di)水(shui)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)閣式建筑，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)脊飾龍頭(tou)獸(shou)吻，每面(mian)有檐柱、老(lao)檐柱和金柱三層柱子，朱紅梁(liang)柱，金花彩繪，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)(shang)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)下(xia)(xia)四面(mian)均設(she)(she)門，面(mian)闊七間(jian)，進(jin)深三間(jian)，上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)設(she)(she)回廊，上(shang)(shang)層前后(hou)裝菱花格隔扇門窗，下(xia)(xia)層為(wei)朱紅磚(zhuan)墻，明(ming)間(jian)及兩(liang)側(ce)正(zheng)面(mian)各有實榻大(da)門一座。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)兩(liang)端沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻內(nei)側(ce)設(she)(she)斜坡(po)馬道(dao)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)上(shang)(shang)下(xia)(xia)。通(tong)面(mian)寬41米(mi)(mi)，通(tong)進(jin)深21米(mi)(mi)，樓(lou)(lou)(lou)身(shen)寬36.7米(mi)(mi)，深16.5米(mi)(mi)，高(gao)27.3米(mi)(mi)，整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)通(tong)高(gao)43.65米(mi)(mi)，為(wei)老(lao)北京所(suo)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)中(zhong)最高(gao)者。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)外側(ce)重檐以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)懸掛木質大(da)門匾。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門洞為(wei)拱券式，開在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺正(zheng)中(zhong)，五伏(fu)五券，內(nei)券高(gao)9.49米(mi)(mi)，寬7.08米(mi)(mi)，外券高(gao)6.29米(mi)(mi)，寬6米(mi)(mi)。

箭樓

正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓是最能體現古代軍事防(fang)御(yu)思(si)想和技術水平的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)，為(wei)一(yi)磚砌(qi)堡壘式(shi)(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu)，雄踞于磚砌(qi)城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)。城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)高(gao)約(yue)12米(mi)(mi)(mi)，上(shang)(shang)窄下寬，亦有明顯收分。城(cheng)臺(tai)(tai)正(zheng)中(zhong)辟(pi)券(quan)門(men)(men)，與城(cheng)門(men)(men)相對，五(wu)伏五(wu)券(quan)，門(men)(men)洞內設"千斤閘",南(nan)(nan)側(ce)(ce)寬10米(mi)(mi)(mi)，北(bei)側(ce)(ce)寬12.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)，占地面積(ji)2147平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓上(shang)(shang)下四(si)層，樓頂為(wei)灰筒綠(lv)琉璃剪邊重檐歇山(shan)式(shi)(shi)，飾綠(lv)琉璃脊獸。南(nan)(nan)、東(dong)、西三面辟(pi)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)窗，以作對外防(fang)御(yu)（射擊(ji)）之(zhi)用(yong)，南(nan)(nan)面四(si)層，每層13孔(kong)，東(dong)、西各四(si)層，每層4孔(kong)，連抱(bao)廈2孔(kong)，共辟(pi)86孔(kong)。箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓的(de)(de)結(jie)構為(wei)前樓后廈，面闊七間，寬62米(mi)(mi)(mi)，進深20米(mi)(mi)(mi)；北(bei)出抱(bao)廈廡座(zuo)，面闊五(wu)間，寬42米(mi)(mi)(mi)，進深12米(mi)(mi)(mi)，整座(zuo)樓通高(gao)35.37米(mi)(mi)(mi)。在明清北(bei)京城(cheng)垣的(de)(de)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓中(zhong)，唯正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)(men)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)樓辟(pi)門(men)(men)，亦最為(wei)高(gao)大(da)雄偉。形式(shi)(shi)比較獨特，一(yi)直被看(kan)成(cheng)是老北(bei)京的(de)(de)象征。

甕城

箭樓與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓之(zhi)間為(wei)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)長方形，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)長108米，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)88.65米，東(dong)(dong)北(bei)、西(xi)北(bei)兩(liang)內角為(wei)直角，東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)兩(liang)外(wai)角為(wei)抹角，甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓、箭樓和兩(liang)座(zuo)閘樓連(lian)接起來。甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻高(gao)(gao)(gao)度相同（高(gao)(gao)(gao)約11.36米），略窄些，內為(wei)土(tu)墻心(xin)外(wai)甃(zhou)大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚。上(shang)頂甬(yong)道海墁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚，外(wai)側筑雉(zhi)堞，內側筑女兒墻，內有空場。甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)四(si)面各開辟拱券式(shi)門洞一座(zuo)，東(dong)(dong)、西(xi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)為(wei)吊落式(shi)閘門。北(bei)門在(zai)宏偉(wei)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓之(zhi)下(xia)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)門在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)大(da)的箭樓之(zhi)下(xia)，東(dong)(dong)西(xi)門則在(zai)甕(weng)(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)正中的閘樓之(zhi)下(xia)。

甕城內(nei)，城樓南側(ce)(ce)靠北門(men)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)，建(jian)有關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音(yin)廟(miao)(miao)各一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)，關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)居西，觀(guan)音(yin)廟(miao)(miao)居東，均為南向，一(yi)(yi)層殿宇、兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)(ce)廡廊(lang)，規(gui)模較小。但兩(liang)(liang)廟(miao)(miao)的(de)香(xiang)火很旺(wang)。明(ming)清時，北京內(nei)城的(de)九(jiu)座(zuo)城門(men)甕城內(nei)，全(quan)部依例建(jian)有廟(miao)(miao)宇，除德勝門(men)和安定門(men)供奉(feng)(feng)真武大(da)(da)帝外，余均供奉(feng)(feng)關(guan)帝，以(yi)(yi)祈護國佑(you)民。然而九(jiu)門(men)之中，以(yi)(yi)正陽(yang)門(men)關(guan)帝廟(miao)(miao)規(gui)模最大(da)(da)，傳(chuan)說(shuo)其(qi)中關(guan)羽的(de)塑像原系(xi)明(ming)朝內(nei)廷所供奉(feng)(feng)，因(yin)此香(xiang)火一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)興盛(sheng)。明(ming)清時期正陽(yang)門(men)關(guan)帝、觀(guan)音(yin)兩(liang)(liang)廟(miao)(miao)，曾(ceng)留下了許多(duo)奉(feng)(feng)祀(si)、紀事的(de)碑(bei)刻(ke)、詩文，是研究(jiu)北京城垣建(jian)設(she)史和社會文化史珍貴的(de)石刻(ke)文獻。

甕(weng)城(cheng)東西兩側建有閘樓，閘樓面(mian)闊(kuo)三(san)間(jian)，灰筒瓦(wa)(wa)綠琉(liu)璃瓦(wa)(wa)剪邊，歇山小式屋頂，外側辟箭(jian)窗兩排共12孔，下設閘門以通行人。

雉堞和女兒墻

雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)和女(nv)(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)是(shi)沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上(shang)頂內(nei)外(wai)(wai)修筑的矮垣(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)位于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂外(wai)(wai)側(ce)(ce)，筑為齒狀(zhuang)，起(qi)盾牌作用(yong)，以保護(hu)守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)免遭敵人攻擊。女(nv)(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)亦(yi)稱女(nv)(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，為城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂內(nei)側(ce)(ce)修筑的矮垣(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，作用(yong)是(shi)攔擋守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)者(zhe)，免于(yu)摔下。老北京內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)高為1.9米(mi)，寬為1.5米(mi)，厚為0.75米(mi)，其間(jian)距在0.5～0.8米(mi)之間(jian)。外(wai)(wai)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)高1.3米(mi)，寬約(yue)1.2米(mi)，厚為0.5米(mi)左右，其間(jian)距在0.5米(mi)左右，內(nei)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共有雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)20772個。雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)都是(shi)用(yong)白(bai)灰漿、大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚砌成。平頂，四(si)側(ce)(ce)四(si)棱見角，非常牢固(gu)。女(nv)(nv)兒(er)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)高約(yue)1.2米(mi)，厚約(yue)0.75米(mi)，以白(bai)灰漿、大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚沿城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)形制砌成，上(shang)頂一(yi)般(ban)砌成饅(man)頭頂或是(shi)泥鰍背頂。正陽門與(yu)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)其它八門一(yi)樣，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺外(wai)(wai)側(ce)(ce)建雉(zhi)(zhi)堞(die)(die)，內(nei)側(ce)(ce)建女(nv)(nv)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，規制亦(yi)與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)相同(tong)。

馬道

馬道是供守城(cheng)(cheng)部隊上下城(cheng)(cheng)用的(de)專用斜道，它附貼(tie)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)內(nei)側墻(qiang)體上，坡度約十五(wu)(wu)度到三十度之間，馬道寬約四、五(wu)(wu)米(mi)，斜道外側砌筑(zhu)一(yi)道矮(ai)墻(qiang)。

內城共(gong)有(you)二十(shi)七對(dui)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)，每對(dui)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)呈(cheng)內八字形(xing)或(huo)外八字形(xing)，從左右(you)兩條(tiao)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)都可以(yi)到達城頂(ding)。正陽門設有(you)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)兩條(tiao)，均在月城內緊貼城垣(yuan)內壁而筑(zhu)，分(fen)別通(tong)向(xiang)城樓與(yu)箭樓（今已廢）。建筑(zhu)方法是將馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)土心(xin)與(yu)城垣(yuan)土心(xin)夯(hang)為一(yi)整體，另(ling)一(yi)側以(yi)白灰(hui)漿(jiang)、大城磚(zhuan)砌成一(yi)米(mi)(mi)厚的磚(zhuan)層(ceng)，成為馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)的外包皮磚(zhuan)層(ceng)。在這層(ceng)外包皮磚(zhuan)上(shang)，與(yu)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜(xie)面平(ping)行砌起一(yi)道(dao)(dao)矮墻，其長(chang)與(yu)馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)斜(xie)面同，寬約(yue)0.75米(mi)(mi)、高約(yue)1.2米(mi)(mi)，稱為馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)扶手墻。馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)土心(xin)部分(fen)是以(yi)黃土夯(hang)成，其上(shang)再夯(hang)筑(zhu)一(yi)層(ceng)約(yue)50厘米(mi)(mi)的三合土，再上(shang)以(yi)大城磚(zhuan)立(li)砌一(yi)層(ceng)，成"礓碴"式馬(ma)道(dao)(dao)路面。

鋪舍

鋪舍是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂(ding)上(shang)(shang)駐軍值班房(fang)(fang)(fang)，供守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息或堆(dui)放守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武(wu)器等物之用。明(ming)代(dai)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)鋪舍房(fang)(fang)(fang)，清代(dai)稱(cheng)(cheng)堆(dui)撥房(fang)(fang)(fang)。基本上(shang)(shang)是(shi)每(mei)座(zuo)"馬(ma)面(mian)(mian)"之后(hou)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣頂(ding)上(shang)(shang)即筑(zhu)有一所(suo)，面(mian)(mian)闊三間，進深一間，為(wei)硬(ying)山式(shi)。陳宗藩(fan)《燕都叢考》中記(ji)述：內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)(shang)有"旗炮(pao)房(fang)(fang)(fang)九所(suo)"，分布(bu)在(zai)九座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門樓旁(pang)，"堆(dui)撥房(fang)(fang)(fang)一百(bai)三十五所(suo)，儲火藥房(fang)(fang)(fang)九十六所(suo)"；外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣上(shang)(shang)有"堆(dui)撥房(fang)(fang)(fang)四十三所(suo)"。所(suo)記(ji)雖為(wei)清代(dai)末年的(de)情況，數(shu)字(zi)上(shang)(shang)也可(ke)能有所(suo)出入(ru)，但可(ke)表明(ming)其存在(zai)和作用，因為(wei)清代(dai)對于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣設施是(shi)沿循明(ming)制的(de)。②正陽門城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭樓、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其附屬建(jian)筑(zhu)正陽橋、雉堞、登(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)道、鋪舍等這一組(zu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市防御工事建(jian)筑(zhu)群，布(bu)局合理，造型(xing)莊嚴，氣勢凝重，顯示(shi)了中華民族建(jian)筑(zhu)藝術的(de)獨特(te)風格(ge)。

作用價值

在北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)諸門中(zhong)，正陽門規制(zhi)最為(wei)隆崇，是中(zhong)國(guo)封建(jian)社會后期城(cheng)(cheng)市布局、軍事防御(yu)、禮(li)儀(yi)(yi)制(zhi)度(du)和建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術的(de)形象體(ti)現，也是老北(bei)京(jing)歷(li)(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要載(zai)體(ti)。正陽門作為(wei)北(bei)京(jing)僅有的(de)一(yi)座城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、箭樓(lou)保存(cun)完(wan)好的(de)封建(jian)帝(di)都之門，既是歷(li)(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺存(cun)，也是北(bei)京(jing)古(gu)都特(te)色(se)的(de)絕佳載(zai)體(ti)，人(ren)文(wen)(wen)蘊涵深厚。正陽門作為(wei)不可再(zai)生(sheng)的(de)文(wen)(wen)物資(zi)源，以其(qi)無(wu)聲的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)語言，不僅向世人(ren)展示出封建(jian)社會都邑城(cheng)(cheng)垣中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)個局部(bu)，而且，在古(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)藝術、民(min)俗禮(li)儀(yi)(yi)、王朝(chao)歷(li)(li)史等方面(mian)，都有其(qi)獨立(li)的(de)存(cun)在意義與研(yan)究價值，是北(bei)京(jing)歷(li)(li)史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)名城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)重(zhong)要組成(cheng)部(bu)分、老北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)標(biao)志性建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。