主要建筑
正陽門城樓
門(men)(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)坐落在磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌城(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang),城(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)窄下寬(kuan)(kuan),有(you)(you)明顯(xian)的收分,寬(kuan)(kuan)95米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),厚(hou)31.45米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高14.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)臺南北(bei)上(shang)沿各(ge)有(you)(you)1.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)高的宇墻,占(zhan)地3047平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)臺上(shang)以(yi)(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)海墁。城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)為灰筒瓦(wa)綠琉(liu)璃剪邊(bian)重(zhong)檐歇山三滴水樓(lou)(lou)(lou)閣(ge)式(shi)建筑,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)脊飾龍頭獸吻,每(mei)面(mian)有(you)(you)檐柱(zhu)、老(lao)(lao)檐柱(zhu)和(he)金柱(zhu)三層(ceng)柱(zhu)子,朱紅梁柱(zhu),金花彩繪,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)上(shang)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)下四面(mian)均設(she)門(men)(men)(men),面(mian)闊七間,進(jin)深(shen)三間,上(shang)下設(she)回廊,上(shang)層(ceng)前后裝(zhuang)菱花格隔扇(shan)門(men)(men)(men)窗,下層(ceng)為朱紅磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墻,明間及(ji)兩(liang)側(ce)正(zheng)面(mian)各(ge)有(you)(you)實榻大門(men)(men)(men)一座。城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)兩(liang)端沿城(cheng)(cheng)墻內(nei)側(ce)設(she)斜坡馬道以(yi)(yi)通(tong)上(shang)下。通(tong)面(mian)寬(kuan)(kuan)41米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),通(tong)進(jin)深(shen)21米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)身寬(kuan)(kuan)36.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深(shen)16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),高27.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),整個城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)通(tong)高43.65米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),為老(lao)(lao)北(bei)京所有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)中(zhong)最高者。城(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)外側(ce)重(zhong)檐以(yi)(yi)上(shang)懸掛木質(zhi)大門(men)(men)(men)匾(bian)。城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)洞為拱券式(shi),開在城(cheng)(cheng)臺正(zheng)中(zhong),五伏五券,內(nei)券高9.49米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)7.08米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),外券高6.29米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。
箭樓
正陽(yang)門(men)的(de)箭樓是(shi)最能(neng)體現(xian)古(gu)代軍事防(fang)(fang)御思想和技術水平(ping)的(de)建(jian)筑,為(wei)一磚(zhuan)砌堡壘式(shi)建(jian)筑,雄踞于磚(zhuan)砌城臺之上。城臺高約12米,上窄下(xia)寬(kuan),亦(yi)有明顯(xian)收分。城臺正中辟(pi)券門(men),與城門(men)相對,五(wu)(wu)伏五(wu)(wu)券,門(men)洞內設"千斤閘",南側(ce)寬(kuan)10米,北(bei)側(ce)寬(kuan)12.4米,占地(di)面積2147平(ping)方米。箭樓上下(xia)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng),樓頂(ding)為(wei)灰筒綠(lv)琉(liu)璃(li)剪邊(bian)重(zhong)檐歇山式(shi),飾綠(lv)琉(liu)璃(li)脊獸。南、東、西三(san)面辟(pi)箭窗,以作(zuo)對外防(fang)(fang)御(射擊)之用,南面四(si)層(ceng)(ceng),每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)13孔,東、西各(ge)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng),每(mei)層(ceng)(ceng)4孔,連抱廈2孔,共辟(pi)86孔。箭樓的(de)結(jie)構為(wei)前樓后廈,面闊七間,寬(kuan)62米,進深20米;北(bei)出抱廈廡座(zuo),面闊五(wu)(wu)間,寬(kuan)42米,進深12米,整座(zuo)樓通(tong)高35.37米。在明清北(bei)京(jing)城垣的(de)箭樓中,唯正陽(yang)門(men)箭樓辟(pi)門(men),亦(yi)最為(wei)高大(da)雄偉。形(xing)式(shi)比較(jiao)獨特,一直被看成是(shi)老北(bei)京(jing)的(de)象征(zheng)。
甕城
箭(jian)樓與城(cheng)(cheng)門樓之(zhi)間為(wei)甕城(cheng)(cheng),甕城(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)長(chang)方形,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長(chang)108米(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬88.65米(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)北(bei)、西北(bei)兩內角(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)直角(jiao)(jiao),東(dong)南(nan)(nan)、西南(nan)(nan)兩外角(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)抹角(jiao)(jiao),甕城(cheng)(cheng)將城(cheng)(cheng)垣、城(cheng)(cheng)門樓、箭(jian)樓和兩座閘樓連接起來。甕城(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)垣與城(cheng)(cheng)墻高度相同(tong)(高約(yue)11.36米(mi)(mi)(mi)),略(lve)窄些,內為(wei)土墻心外甃大城(cheng)(cheng)磚。上頂甬道海墁城(cheng)(cheng)磚,外側筑(zhu)雉(zhi)堞,內側筑(zhu)女(nv)兒墻,內有空場。甕城(cheng)(cheng)四面(mian)各開辟拱券式(shi)門洞(dong)一(yi)座,東(dong)、西、南(nan)(nan)為(wei)吊(diao)落式(shi)閘門。北(bei)門在宏(hong)偉的城(cheng)(cheng)樓之(zhi)下,南(nan)(nan)門在高大的箭(jian)樓之(zhi)下,東(dong)西門則在甕城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)西正中的閘樓之(zhi)下。
甕城(cheng)內(nei)(nei),城(cheng)樓南(nan)側(ce)靠(kao)北門(men)兩側(ce),建(jian)(jian)有關(guan)(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)(guan)(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)各一座(zuo),關(guan)(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)居西,觀(guan)(guan)(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)居東,均為(wei)南(nan)向,一層(ceng)殿宇、兩側(ce)廡廊,規模較小。但(dan)兩廟(miao)(miao)的香火很旺。明清時(shi),北京內(nei)(nei)城(cheng)的九(jiu)座(zuo)城(cheng)門(men)甕城(cheng)內(nei)(nei),全部依例(li)建(jian)(jian)有廟(miao)(miao)宇,除(chu)德勝門(men)和安定門(men)供(gong)奉真武大帝(di)(di)外,余均供(gong)奉關(guan)(guan)帝(di)(di),以祈(qi)護國佑民。然而(er)九(jiu)門(men)之(zhi)中(zhong),以正陽門(men)關(guan)(guan)帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)規模最大,傳說其中(zhong)關(guan)(guan)羽(yu)的塑像原系明朝(chao)內(nei)(nei)廷所供(gong)奉,因此香火一直興(xing)盛(sheng)。明清時(shi)期正陽門(men)關(guan)(guan)帝(di)(di)、觀(guan)(guan)(guan)音兩廟(miao)(miao),曾(ceng)留下了許(xu)多(duo)奉祀、紀事的碑刻、詩(shi)文,是研究北京城(cheng)垣建(jian)(jian)設史和社會文化(hua)史珍(zhen)貴(gui)的石刻文獻。
甕城(cheng)東西兩側建(jian)有(you)閘(zha)(zha)樓,閘(zha)(zha)樓面闊(kuo)三間(jian),灰筒瓦綠(lv)琉璃瓦剪(jian)邊,歇山小式(shi)屋頂,外側辟箭(jian)窗兩排(pai)共12孔(kong),下設閘(zha)(zha)門(men)以通(tong)行人(ren)。
雉堞和女兒墻
雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die)和女(nv)兒墻是沿城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)頂(ding)內外修(xiu)筑的矮垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻。雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die)位于城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)外側(ce),筑為(wei)齒狀,起盾牌作(zuo)用,以保護(hu)守(shou)城(cheng)者(zhe)免遭敵人攻擊。女(nv)兒墻亦稱(cheng)女(nv)墻,為(wei)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)頂(ding)內側(ce)修(xiu)筑的矮垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)墻,作(zuo)用是攔擋守(shou)城(cheng)者(zhe),免于摔下。老北京(jing)內城(cheng)雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die)高為(wei)1.9米(mi)(mi),寬為(wei)1.5米(mi)(mi),厚(hou)為(wei)0.75米(mi)(mi),其間(jian)距(ju)(ju)在0.5~0.8米(mi)(mi)之間(jian)。外墻雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die)高1.3米(mi)(mi),寬約1.2米(mi)(mi),厚(hou)為(wei)0.5米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,其間(jian)距(ju)(ju)在0.5米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右,內外城(cheng)共有雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die)20772個(ge)。雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die)都(dou)是用白(bai)灰(hui)漿、大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)成。平頂(ding),四側(ce)四棱見角,非常牢固(gu)。女(nv)兒墻高約1.2米(mi)(mi),厚(hou)約0.75米(mi)(mi),以白(bai)灰(hui)漿、大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)沿城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)制砌(qi)成,上(shang)頂(ding)一般砌(qi)成饅頭頂(ding)或是泥鰍(qiu)背頂(ding)。正陽門(men)(men)與(yu)內城(cheng)其它八門(men)(men)一樣,城(cheng)臺外側(ce)建雉堞(die)(die)(die)(die),內側(ce)建女(nv)墻,規制亦與(yu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)相同。
馬道
馬(ma)道(dao)是供守(shou)城(cheng)部(bu)隊(dui)上下城(cheng)用(yong)的專用(yong)斜道(dao),它附貼在城(cheng)墻(qiang)內側(ce)墻(qiang)體(ti)上,坡度約十五度到三十度之(zhi)間(jian),馬(ma)道(dao)寬約四(si)、五米(mi),斜道(dao)外(wai)側(ce)砌筑一(yi)道(dao)矮墻(qiang)。
內城(cheng)共有二十七對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao),每(mei)對(dui)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)呈內八字(zi)形(xing)或外(wai)(wai)八字(zi)形(xing),從左右兩條(tiao)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)都可以(yi)到達城(cheng)頂。正陽(yang)門(men)設有馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩條(tiao),均(jun)在月城(cheng)內緊貼城(cheng)垣(yuan)內壁而筑(zhu),分別通向城(cheng)樓與(yu)箭(jian)樓(今(jin)已(yi)廢)。建筑(zhu)方法(fa)是(shi)將(jiang)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)土(tu)心(xin)與(yu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)土(tu)心(xin)夯為(wei)一整(zheng)體(ti),另一側(ce)以(yi)白(bai)灰漿、大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)砌(qi)成一米厚的磚(zhuan)層(ceng),成為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的外(wai)(wai)包皮磚(zhuan)層(ceng)。在這層(ceng)外(wai)(wai)包皮磚(zhuan)上(shang)(shang),與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面(mian)平行砌(qi)起一道(dao)(dao)(dao)矮墻(qiang)(qiang),其(qi)長(chang)與(yu)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)斜面(mian)同,寬約0.75米、高約1.2米,稱為(wei)馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)扶(fu)手墻(qiang)(qiang)。馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)土(tu)心(xin)部分是(shi)以(yi)黃土(tu)夯成,其(qi)上(shang)(shang)再(zai)夯筑(zhu)一層(ceng)約50厘(li)米的三合(he)土(tu),再(zai)上(shang)(shang)以(yi)大城(cheng)磚(zhuan)立(li)砌(qi)一層(ceng),成"礓(jiang)碴"式馬(ma)(ma)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路面(mian)。
鋪舍
鋪舍(she)是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂上(shang)(shang)駐(zhu)軍(jun)值班房(fang),供(gong)守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兵士休息或(huo)堆(dui)(dui)放(fang)守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)武(wu)器等(deng)物之用。明(ming)代稱為(wei)鋪舍(she)房(fang),清代稱堆(dui)(dui)撥(bo)房(fang)。基本上(shang)(shang)是每座"馬面"之后的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)頂上(shang)(shang)即筑(zhu)(zhu)有一所(suo),面闊(kuo)三間(jian),進(jin)深一間(jian),為(wei)硬山式。陳宗藩《燕都(dou)叢考》中記述:內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上(shang)(shang)有"旗炮房(fang)九所(suo)",分布(bu)在九座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)樓旁,"堆(dui)(dui)撥(bo)房(fang)一百(bai)三十五所(suo),儲火藥房(fang)九十六所(suo)";外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上(shang)(shang)有"堆(dui)(dui)撥(bo)房(fang)四十三所(suo)"。所(suo)記雖為(wei)清代末年的(de)情況(kuang),數字(zi)上(shang)(shang)也(ye)可能有所(suo)出入,但可表明(ming)其存在和作用,因為(wei)清代對于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)設施是沿循明(ming)制的(de)。②正(zheng)陽(yang)門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、箭樓、甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及其附屬(shu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)正(zheng)陽(yang)橋、雉堞、登城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬道、鋪舍(she)等(deng)這一組(zu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)防(fang)御工事建筑(zhu)(zhu)群,布(bu)局合理,造型莊嚴,氣勢(shi)凝重,顯示了(le)中華民(min)族建筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術的(de)獨(du)特風格。
作用價值
在(zai)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)城諸門中(zhong),正陽門規制最為(wei)隆崇,是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國封建社會(hui)后期城市布局、軍事防(fang)御、禮(li)儀(yi)制度和建筑(zhu)(zhu)藝(yi)(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象體(ti)現,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)歷(li)史(shi)文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重要載體(ti)。正陽門作為(wei)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)僅(jin)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座城樓、箭(jian)樓保存(cun)完好的(de)(de)(de)封建帝都(dou)(dou)之門,既是(shi)(shi)(shi)歷(li)史(shi)文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)古(gu)都(dou)(dou)特色的(de)(de)(de)絕佳載體(ti),人(ren)文蘊(yun)涵深厚。正陽門作為(wei)不(bu)可再生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)文物資源,以(yi)其無聲的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)語言,不(bu)僅(jin)向世人(ren)展示出封建社會(hui)都(dou)(dou)邑城垣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個局部,而且,在(zai)古(gu)代建筑(zhu)(zhu)、文化(hua)(hua)藝(yi)(yi)術、民(min)俗禮(li)儀(yi)、王朝歷(li)史(shi)等方面,都(dou)(dou)有(you)(you)其獨立的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)意(yi)義與研(yan)究價(jia)值(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)歷(li)史(shi)文化(hua)(hua)名城的(de)(de)(de)重要組(zu)成部分(fen)、老(lao)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)城的(de)(de)(de)標志(zhi)性建筑(zhu)(zhu)。