白(bai)云(yun)觀位于北京市西城區復(fu)興(xing)門外白(bai)云(yun)路(lu)東(dong)側,是道教(jiao)(jiao)全真三大祖(zu)庭(ting)之一。道教(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)中國(guo)固有的宗教(jiao)(jiao),奉老子為(wei)教(jiao)(jiao)主(zhu),認為(wei)道無所不包、無所不在,以“道德經”為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)經典(dian),其創始人(ren)為(wei)東(dong)漢時期的張道陵(ling)。白(bai)云(yun)觀始建于唐開元二十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(公元739年(nian)(nian)),清(qing)康熙四(si)十五年(nian)(nian)(公元1706年(nian)(nian))、五十三年(nian)(nian)(公元1714年(nian)(nian))、光緒十二年(nian)(nian)(公元1886年(nian)(nian))多次(ci)重修。現(xian)存建筑多為(wei)明清(qing)遺構。
白云觀全部建筑分為東、中、西三路,后面有花園。主要建筑都集中在中路,依次為牌樓、山門、靈官殿、玉皇殿、老律堂(七真殿)、邱祖殿、四御殿、戒臺與云集山房等,大大小小共有50多座殿堂,占地約2萬平方米。它吸取南北宮觀、園林特點建成,殿宇宏麗,景色幽雅,殿內全用道教圖案裝飾。其中四御殿為二層建筑,上層名三清閣,內藏明正統年間(公元1436—1449年)刊刻的《道藏》一部。邱祖殿為主要殿堂,內有邱處機的泥塑像,塑像下埋葬邱的遺骨。此觀在清朝改建時細部裝飾彩畫仍用道教圖案,如靈芝、仙鶴、八卦、八仙等。觀內保存有大量碑刻,如重修碑記、捐產碑記、畝產碑記、香火碑記等,記述觀址建筑變遷。東路有南極殿、真武殿、火神殿、羅公塔等,現改為觀內生活區。西路有祠堂、元君殿、文昌殿等。后花園內有亭臺、游廊,是極負盛名的道觀園林。
白(bai)云(yun)觀初建于唐(tang)開元二十六年(nian)(739),原(yuan)名天長觀,金(jin)明昌(chang)三年(nian)(1192),重修此觀,改名為太(tai)極(ji)(ji)宮(gong)(gong),金(jin)泰和(he)三年(nian)(1203),太(tai)極(ji)(ji)宮(gong)(gong)毀于火。
元(yuan)初道教全真(zhen)派長(chang)春真(zhen)人丘處機奉元(yuan)太(tai)祖成(cheng)吉思(si)汗之(zhi)詔駐太(tai)極宮掌管全國(guo)道教,遂更名長(chang)春宮,為中國(guo)北方道教的中心(xin)。
金(jin)正大四年(1227)丘處機逝世,其弟(di)子尹(yin)志平在(zai)長春宮東側建(jian)立道院,取名白云觀。
元(yuan)代(dai)末(mo)年,長(chang)春宮等建筑毀(hui)于兵燹,白云(yun)觀獨存(cun)。
明(ming)洪武二(er)十七年(nian)(1394)重建前后二(er)殿和一些附屬建筑,正(zheng)(zheng)統年(nian)間又大規模重建和添建,使觀(guan)(guan)之規制趨于完善。明(ming)正(zheng)(zheng)統八(ba)年(nian)(1443),正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)賜(si)額“白(bai)云觀(guan)(guan)”。明(ming)末,白(bai)云觀(guan)(guan)毀于火。
清康熙四十五(wu)年(1706)在原來基(ji)礎上(shang)重(zhong)新大(da)規(gui)模重(zhong)修(xiu)與擴(kuo)建,今白云觀的(de)整體布局和(he)主要殿閣(ge)規(gui)制即形成于此時。以后(hou),在乾(qian)隆、光緒年間又(you)有修(xiu)繕和(he)少量添建。
民國(guo)期間,觀內建筑大都因(yin)年久(jiu)失(shi)修變的殘破(po)。
解(jie)放后,政府于1956年撥款進行修繕,1957年定為中國道教協會會址。
“文革”期間,白云觀再次(ci)受到(dao)破(po)壞,1981年(nian)又撥款全(quan)面(mian)修葺(qi),并對外開放。
1979年,白云觀被公布為北京(jing)市(shi)文物(wu)保護單位。
2001年(nian)06月25日,白云(yun)觀作為清代古建筑,被國務院批準列入第五批全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保(bao)護單位名單。
白(bai)云觀坐北朝南,分為中、東、西三路以及后院計四個部(bu)分,占地(di)面積1公頃多。
主要殿(dian)宇(yu)位于中(zhong)軸線上,包括(kuo)山(shan)門、靈官殿(dian)、玉(yu)皇殿(dian)、老(lao)律堂、丘祖殿(dian)、三(san)清閣等建筑,配殿(dian)、廊(lang)廡(wu)分列中(zhong)軸兩旁。
山(shan)門前神路(lu)的前端有(you)欞(ling)星(xing)門,為一四柱七樓木結構(gou)牌坊,正樓前后(hou)有(you)額,前書(shu)“洞天(tian)勝(sheng)境”,后(hou)書(shu)“瓊林閬苑”。山(shan)門建(jian)于明代,面闊三間,單檐琉璃(li)瓦(wa)歇山(shan)頂,漢白玉雕花拱券(quan)石門,檐下額書(shu)“敕建(jian)白云觀”,門前有(you)石獅、華表等物。欞(ling)星(xing)門外有(you)磚砌(qi)照壁(bi),壁(bi)心嵌“萬(wan)古長春”字樣的琉璃(li)雕磚。
山門(men)內(nei)(nei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)靈(ling)官(guan)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),原(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)四帥殿(dian)(dian)(dian),面闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)三(san)(san)間,進深一(yi)(yi)間,內(nei)(nei)奉王(wang)(wang)靈(ling)官(guan)像。靈(ling)官(guan)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)后東西(xi)(xi)兩側有鐘(zhong)鼓樓(lou),為(wei)(wei)(wei)方(fang)形(xing)二(er)層建(jian)筑,東為(wei)(wei)(wei)鼓樓(lou),西(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鐘(zhong)樓(lou),與其他(ta)寺(si)觀布置(zhi)相反(fan)。其后為(wei)(wei)(wei)玉皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian),坐落(luo)于高(gao)大(da)的(de)“凸”字形(xing)臺(tai)基之上,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)面闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)五(wu)間,三(san)(san)間前列月(yue)臺(tai),灰筒瓦歇山頂,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)供玉皇大(da)帝神像,現兩側的(de)萬歷年(nian)間鑄(zhu)造的(de)銅(tong)像為(wei)(wei)(wei)他(ta)處(chu)移來(lai)。老律(lv)堂原(yuan)(yuan)稱七真(zhen)殿(dian)(dian)(dian),位于玉皇殿(dian)(dian)(dian)后,為(wei)(wei)(wei)觀內(nei)(nei)道士宗教活動的(de)主要(yao)場(chang)所。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)面闊(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)三(san)(san)間,勾連搭建(jian)筑,前出月(yue)臺(tai)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)供奉全真(zhen)道祖師王(wang)(wang)重陽的(de)七大(da)弟子塑像,丘處(chu)機居中,殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)正(zheng)梁上懸康熙御(yu)書“瑯(lang)簡真(zhen)庭”橫匾。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)外月(yue)臺(tai)右(you)方(fang)立銅(tong)騾一(yi)(yi)騎,原(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)東岳(yue)廟之物,后移至此處(chu)。
丘祖殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)老(lao)律堂后一(yi)組自成(cheng)院落(luo)的前列建筑(zhu),始(shi)建于(yu)金正大五年(nian)(1128),名(ming)處順堂,清康熙年(nian)間改(gai)為(wei)(wei)貞寂堂,乾隆四(si)十五年(nian)(1780)改(gai)為(wei)(wei)今名(ming),是全真龍門(men)派后裔奉祀丘處機的殿(dian)堂,殿(dian)面(mian)闊三間,灰筒瓦歇山(shan)頂,殿(dian)內塑有丘真人和二脅侍像,有癭缽(bo)置于(yu)石座上,相傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)宋代遺物,為(wei)(wei)乾隆帝所賜(si)。
三(san)清(qing)閣和(he)(he)四御殿是與丘祖殿組(zu)成(cheng)院(yuan)(yuan)落的正房,上(shang)下兩(liang)層,上(shang)為三(san)清(qing)閣,下為四御殿,面闊(kuo)五間,前出廊,是白云(yun)(yun)(yun)觀中路北(bei)端的頂點建筑(zhu)。三(san)清(qing)閣供奉道(dao)教(jiao)最高尊(zun)神玉清(qing)原(yuan)始天尊(zun)、上(shang)清(qing)靈(ling)寶天尊(zun)、太(tai)清(qing)道(dao)德天尊(zun),四御殿供天神界(jie)的四位大帝像(xiang)。閣兩(liang)側(ce)有轉角翼樓相通,東為藏經樓,原(yuan)藏有明正統道(dao)藏和(he)(he)萬歷(li)續(xu)道(dao)藏,后(hou)(hou)移(yi)交北(bei)京圖書館(guan)。西翼樓為朝天樓或望月樓。三(san)清(qing)閣后(hou)(hou)為云(yun)(yun)(yun)集(ji)(ji)園,是白云(yun)(yun)(yun)觀的后(hou)(hou)院(yuan)(yuan),也是觀最北(bei)端的建筑(zhu)。云(yun)(yun)(yun)集(ji)(ji)園始建于(yu)光(guang)緒十三(san)年(1887),園中以戒臺、云(yun)(yun)(yun)集(ji)(ji)山(shan)房為主體建筑(zhu),另外尚有云(yun)(yun)(yun)華仙館(guan)、友(you)鶴亭、妙香亭、退居樓等建筑(zhu)點綴園中。云(yun)(yun)(yun)集(ji)(ji)山(shan)房面闊(kuo)三(san)間,周以圍廊;戒臺位于(yu)其(qi)南,北(bei)向,為傳經受戒之所,其(qi)兩(liang)側(ce)有游廊迂回,后(hou)(hou)有假山(shan)橫亙。整個后(hou)(hou)院(yuan)(yuan)布局精(jing)巧、景色(se)幽美。
觀(guan)東(dong)路(lu)原有南(nan)極殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、真武殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、火神殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、齋堂等(deng)建筑,因所奉(feng)神像(xiang)早毀,現已辟(pi)為(wei)寮房(fang),作(zuo)為(wei)生(sheng)活(huo)居住(zhu)區(qu)。東(dong)路(lu)尚(shang)有保存完(wan)好建于(yu)(yu)雍(yong)正(zheng)年間(jian)的(de)羅公塔,塔八(ba)角三級,磚石結(jie)構,雕花細膩,古樸莊(zhuang)重。西(xi)路(lu)建筑呂祖殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、八(ba)仙殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、元君(jun)(jun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、元辰殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、祠(ci)堂院等(deng);祠(ci)堂在南(nan)端(duan),為(wei)供奉(feng)白云(yun)觀(guan)歷(li)代方丈(zhang)神位之所;元君(jun)(jun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),亦稱(cheng)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),建于(yu)(yu)乾(qian)隆二十(shi)一(yi)年(1756),面(mian)闊三間(jian),歇山頂,中(zhong)奉(feng)碧(bi)霞元君(jun)(jun),左(zuo)右(you)為(wei)子孫娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)和眼(yan)光娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)左(zuo)右(you)復(fu)有懸山各一(yi)座(zuo),下有催(cui)生(sheng)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)和天花娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)娘(niang)(niang)(niang)(niang)塑(su)(su)像(xiang),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)原為(wei)坐(zuo)北朝(chao)南(nan),現為(wei)坐(zuo)南(nan)朝(chao)北,為(wei)觀(guan)中(zhong)唯一(yi)的(de)倒座(zuo)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);呂祖殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位于(yu)(yu)元君(jun)(jun)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)西(xi)側,建于(yu)(yu)嘉慶十(shi)三年(1808),為(wei)一(yi)獨立(li)院落。院分(fen)前(qian)后亮殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),均面(mian)闊三間(jian),兩(liang)側配以廡廊;前(qian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)八(ba)仙殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中(zhong)順兩(liang)山塑(su)(su)八(ba)仙像(xiang)。
穿八仙殿而過為呂祖殿,為供奉呂洞賓的專殿,殿為綠琉璃瓦頂,為觀中僅有;元辰殿在三清閣西側,又名六十甲子殿,為供奉六十甲子星宿神像之所,殿面闊五間,灰瓦歇山頂,殿內原奉六十甲子像毀于“文革”,現為1984年補塑,并于中央新塑斗姥像做主神。
公交:乘(cheng)坐26、特(te)19、80、695、717、特(te)5、特(te)6到(dao)白云觀站下車(che)可達。或(huo)者(zhe)乘(cheng)坐3、19、42、46、662、691到(dao)天(tian)寧寺(si)(si)橋北下車(che),78真武(wu)廟三(san)里下車(che)。或(huo)者(zhe)乘(cheng)坐9、40、47路天(tian)寧寺(si)(si)橋西下車(che)。