北京故宮(gong)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國明清兩代的皇(huang)家宮(gong)殿(dian),舊稱(cheng)為(wei)紫(zi)禁城(cheng),位(wei)于北京中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸線的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代宮(gong)廷建筑之(zhi)精(jing)華。北京故宮(gong)以三(san)大(da)殿(dian)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,占地面積72萬平方(fang)(fang)米,建筑面積約(yue)15萬平方(fang)(fang)米,有大(da)小宮(gong)殿(dian)七十多座,房屋九千余(yu)間。是世界(jie)上現(xian)存規(gui)模最大(da)、保(bao)存最為(wei)完整的木質結構古(gu)建筑之(zhi)一。
北京(jing)(jing)故宮(gong)(gong)于明成祖永(yong)樂四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1406年(nian)(nian)(nian))開始建(jian)設,以南京(jing)(jing)故宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)藍本營建(jian),到永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)成。它是(shi)一座長方形城池(chi),南北長961米(mi),東(dong)西寬(kuan)753米(mi),四(si)面圍有(you)(you)高10米(mi)的(de)城墻,城外有(you)(you)寬(kuan)52米(mi)的(de)護城河。紫禁城內(nei)的(de)建(jian)筑分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)外朝和(he)(he)(he)內(nei)廷兩部分(fen)。外朝的(de)中心(xin)(xin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)太和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)、中和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)、保和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian),統稱三(san)大(da)(da)殿(dian),是(shi)國家舉行(xing)大(da)(da)典禮的(de)地方。內(nei)廷的(de)中心(xin)(xin)是(shi)乾清宮(gong)(gong)、交泰(tai)殿(dian)、坤寧宮(gong)(gong),統稱后三(san)宮(gong)(gong),是(shi)皇帝和(he)(he)(he)皇后居(ju)住的(de)正宮(gong)(gong)。
北京故宮(gong)被(bei)譽為(wei)(wei)世(shi)界(jie)五大宮(gong)之(zhi)首(法(fa)國(guo)凡爾賽宮(gong)、英(ying)國(guo)白(bai)金(jin)漢宮(gong)、美國(guo)白(bai)宮(gong)、俄羅斯克里姆(mu)林宮(gong)),是國(guo)家AAAAA級旅游景(jing)區,1961年(nian)被(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)第一批全國(guo)重點文物保護單位;1987年(nian)被(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)世(shi)界(jie)文化遺產(chan)。
2012年1月(yue)(yue)至2018年6月(yue)(yue),故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)累(lei)計接(jie)待觀眾達到(dao)1億人次。2019年起,故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)將試行(xing)分時(shi)段售票 。2018年9月(yue)(yue)3日,故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)養心殿正式進(jin)入(ru)古建(jian)筑研究(jiu)性(xing)保護修繕工作的(de)實施(shi)階段。2019年3月(yue)(yue)4日,故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)公布了2019年下(xia)半年展覽計劃。
北京故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)由明朝(chao)皇帝朱棣始建,設計(ji)者為蒯祥(1397—1481年,字廷瑞,蘇州人)。占地72萬平方米(mi)(mi)(長961米(mi)(mi),寬753米(mi)(mi)),建筑面積約15萬平方米(mi)(mi),占地面積72萬平方米(mi)(mi),用100萬民工(gong),共建了14年,有(you)房(fang)屋(wu)9999間半,實(shi)際(ji)據1973年專家現場測量故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)有(you)大小院(yuan)落90多座(zuo),房(fang)屋(wu)有(you)980座(zuo),共計(ji)8707間(而此(ci)“間”并非現今(jin)房(fang)間之概念,此(ci)處“間”指(zhi)四根房(fang)柱所形(xing)成的空間)。
故宮(gong)(gong)前(qian)部宮(gong)(gong)殿(dian),當時建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)造(zao)型要求宏(hong)偉(wei)壯麗(li),庭(ting)院明朗開闊(kuo),象征封(feng)建(jian)(jian)政(zheng)權至高無上,太和殿(dian)坐落在紫禁(jin)城(cheng)對(dui)角線的中(zhong)心,四角上各有(you)(you)十(shi)只吉祥(xiang)瑞獸。故宮(gong)(gong)的設計者(zhe)認為這樣以顯示皇帝的威嚴,震(zhen)懾天下。后部內廷卻(que)要求深邃、緊湊,因此東西六宮(gong)(gong)都自成(cheng)一體,各有(you)(you)宮(gong)(gong)門宮(gong)(gong)墻,相對(dui)排列(lie),秩序井然。內廷之后是宮(gong)(gong)后苑 。
故(gu)宮(gong)宮(gong)殿(dian)是(shi)沿著一條南北向中軸線排列,三大殿(dian)、后三宮(gong)、御花園都(dou)位(wei)于這條中軸線上(shang)。并向兩旁展(zhan)開,南北取直,左右對稱(cheng)。這條中軸線不(bu)僅貫穿在紫禁城(cheng)內,而且南達永定門(men),北到(dao)鼓樓、鐘樓,貫穿了整(zheng)個(ge)城(cheng)市(shi)。
故宮位于(yu)(yu)北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)心。布局依據《周禮·考工記》中(zhong)所(suo)載:“左祖(zu)、右(you)社(she)、面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)朝(chao)(chao)、后市”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則,建筑在北(bei)京城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)北(bei)長八公里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)軸線上,南(nan)北(bei)取(qu)直,左右(you)對稱。如今故宮左前面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動人(ren)民文化宮,明清(qing)是(shi)(shi)皇(huang)帝祭祀祖(zu)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太廟;右(you)前面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)山(shan)公園(yuan)是(shi)(shi)皇(huang)帝祭祀土神(shen)和谷神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)稷(ji)壇;前面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)朝(chao)(chao)臣辦事的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處所(suo);后面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)人(ren)們進(jin)行(xing)交易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場 。北(bei)京故宮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)萬歲山(shan),南(nan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)(shi)金水河,恰好符合古(gu)人(ren)“負陰(yin)抱陽,沖(chong)氣為(wei)和”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建宮原(yuan)則,萬歲山(shan)是(shi)(shi)專門為(wei)營造皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)風水而筑城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座人(ren)工山(shan),完成(cheng)于(yu)(yu)明初,位于(yu)(yu)元代寢宮延(yan)春閣(ge)舊(jiu)址(zhi),用開(kai)挖護城(cheng)(cheng)河和南(nan)湖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淤泥(ni)堆積而成(cheng)。此山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆筑,一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)滿足(zu)了皇(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)要“負陰(yin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則,另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)又(you)鎮(zhen)住(zhu)了前朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風水,故萬歲山(shan)又(you)有(you)(you)“鎮(zhen)山(shan)”之(zhi)稱。 北(bei)京四九(jiu)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布局是(shi)(shi)二龍出水護著紫(zi)禁城(cheng)(cheng)。依照中(zhong)國古(gu)代星(xing)象學(xue)說,紫(zi)微星(xing)(即(ji)北(bei)極星(xing))位于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)天,乃(nai)天帝所(suo)居,天人(ren)對應,是(shi)(shi)以皇(huang)帝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居所(suo)又(you)稱紫(zi)禁城(cheng)(cheng)。
故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)宮(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)周圍環(huan)繞著高(gao)12米(mi),長3400米(mi)的(de)宮(gong)墻(qiang),形式(shi)為一長方形城(cheng)(cheng)池,墻(qiang)外有52米(mi)寬的(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)河環(huan)繞,形成(cheng)一個森(sen)嚴(yan)壁壘的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)堡。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)有4個門(men),正門(men)名(ming)午門(men),東門(men)名(ming)東華門(men),西門(men)名(ming)西華門(men),北(bei)門(men)名(ming)神武門(men)。面對北(bei)門(men)神武門(men),有用土、石筑(zhu)成(cheng)的(de)景山。在整體布局上,景山可說是故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)建筑(zhu)群的(de)屏障。
故宮(gong)(gong)南北長(chang)約960米(mi),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)寬約750米(mi),面(mian)積72萬多(duo)平方(fang)米(mi),現存房屋8000多(duo)間(jian)。它周圍(wei)有(you)(you)(you)高(gao)10米(mi)的城墻,墻外(wai)有(you)(you)(you)寬52米(mi)的護城河。四面(mian)各(ge)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)座(zuo)門(men),南為(wei)午門(men)、北為(wei)神武門(men)、東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)為(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)華(hua)門(men)、西(xi)為(wei)西(xi)華(hua)門(men)。紫禁城內由外(wai)朝(chao)、內廷兩(liang)大部分組(zu)成。外(wai)朝(chao)以(yi)太和(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)、中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)、保和(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)中(zhong)心,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)(you)(you)文(wen)華(hua)殿(dian)(dian),西(xi)有(you)(you)(you)武英殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)兩(liang)翼(yi),是(shi)朝(chao)廷舉行大典(dian)的地方(fang)。外(wai)朝(chao)的后面(mian)是(shi)內廷,有(you)(you)(you)乾清宮(gong)(gong)、交泰殿(dian)(dian)、坤寧宮(gong)(gong)、御花(hua)園以(yi)及(ji)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)等,是(shi)皇(huang)帝(di)處理(li)日常政務和(he)(he)皇(huang)帝(di)、后妃們居住的地方(fang)。此外(wai),東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)側(ce)還有(you)(you)(you)寧壽宮(gong)(gong)區域,是(shi)清朝(chao)乾隆皇(huang)帝(di)為(wei)做太上(shang)皇(huang)退位養老之所。
外朝是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)處理政事(shi)的(de)地方,主要有三(san)大(da)(da)殿(dian):太和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)、中和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)、保和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)。其中太和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)最(zui)為高(gao)大(da)(da)、輝(hui)煌,它寬(kuan)60.1米,深(shen)33.33米,高(gao)35.05米。皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)登基、大(da)(da)婚(hun)、冊封(feng)、命將(jiang)、出征等都(dou)要在這里(li)舉行盛(sheng)大(da)(da)儀式,其時數千人“三(san)呼(hu)萬歲(sui)”,數百種(zhong)禮器鐘(zhong)鼓齊鳴,極(ji)盡皇(huang)(huang)(huang)家氣派。太和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)后的(de)中和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)出席重大(da)(da)典禮前休(xiu)息和(he)(he)(he)接受(shou)朝拜(bai)的(de)地方,最(zui)北面的(de)保和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)則是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)賜宴和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)試的(de)場所。
故宮(gong)建筑的后半(ban)部叫內廷,內廷宮(gong)殿的大門——乾清門,左右有琉璃照(zhao)壁,門里(li)是后三宮(gong)。
內廷以乾清宮、交泰殿、坤寧宮為中心,東(dong)西兩翼有東(dong)六宮和(he)西六宮,是(shi)皇(huang)帝處理日(ri)常政(zheng)務之處也是(shi)皇(huang)帝與后(hou)妃居住生活(huo)的地方(fang)。后(hou)半(ban)(ban)部在建筑(zhu)(zhu)風格上(shang)不(bu)同于前半(ban)(ban)部。前半(ban)(ban)部建筑(zhu)(zhu)象征皇(huang)帝的至高無上(shang)。后(hou)半(ban)(ban)部內廷建筑(zhu)(zhu)多是(shi)自成院落(luo)。
在故宮“內庭”最后(hou)面。重檐廡(wu)殿頂(ding)。坤寧宮是明(ming)朝(chao)及(ji)清(qing)朝(chao)雍(yong)正帝之前(qian)的(de)皇后(hou)寢宮,兩頭有暖(nuan)閣(ge)。清(qing)代改為(wei)祭神場所。雍(yong)正后(hou),西暖(nuan)閣(ge)為(wei)薩(sa)滿的(de)祭祀地。其中東暖(nuan)閣(ge)為(wei)皇帝大婚(hun)的(de)洞房,康熙、同治(zhi)、光緒三帝,均在此舉行(xing)婚(hun)禮。
故宮有四個大門(men)(men)(men),正門(men)(men)(men)名(ming)為午(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men),其平面為凹形。午(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)(men)后有五座漢白玉拱橋通往(wang)太和門(men)(men)(men)。東門(men)(men)(men)名(ming)東華門(men)(men)(men),西(xi)門(men)(men)(men)名(ming)西(xi)華門(men)(men)(men),北門(men)(men)(men)名(ming)神武門(men)(men)(men)。故宮的四個城角都有角樓,高(gao)27.5米,十字屋脊。
午門
午(wu)門(men)是(shi)故(gu)宮(gong)的正門(men)。俗稱五(wu)鳳樓。東西(xi)北三面(mian)以(yi)(yi)12米高的城臺相(xiang)連(lian)(lian),環(huan)抱一個方(fang)形廣(guang)場。有1組建(jian)筑(zhu)。正中有重樓,是(shi)9間(jian)面(mian)寬(kuan)的大(da)殿(dian),重檐廡殿(dian)頂,在左右伸(shen)出(chu)兩(liang)闕城墻(qiang)上,建(jian)有聯(lian)檐通脊的樓閣四(si)(si)座,明廊相(xiang)連(lian)(lian),兩(liang)翼各有13間(jian)的殿(dian)屋向南伸(shen)出(chu),四(si)(si)隅各有高大(da)的角亭(ting),輔翼著(zhu)正殿(dian)。這組城上的建(jian)筑(zhu),是(shi)故(gu)宮(gong)宮(gong)殿(dian)群(qun)中第一高峰(feng)。午(wu)門(men)是(shi)皇(huang)帝(di)(di)下(xia)詔書、下(xia)令出(chu)征(zheng)的地方(fang)。它當(dang)中的正門(men)平時(shi)只有皇(huang)帝(di)(di)才可以(yi)(yi)出(chu)入;皇(huang)帝(di)(di)大(da)婚時(shi)皇(huang)后進一次(ci);殿(dian)試考中狀元、榜(bang)眼、探花的三人可以(yi)(yi)從此(ci)門(men)走(zou)出(chu)一次(ci)。文武(wu)大(da)臣(chen)進出(chu)東側門(men),宗室王公出(chu)入西(xi)側門(men)。
神武門
神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)在(zai)明朝時為(wei)“玄武(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)”,玄武(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)古代(dai)四神(shen)獸之一(yi),從方位上講,左青龍,右(you)白虎,前朱雀,后玄武(wu)(wu)(wu),玄武(wu)(wu)(wu)主北(bei)(bei)方,所(suo)以帝王宮殿(dian)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)宮門(men)(men)多取名“玄武(wu)(wu)(wu)”。清康熙年間因避諱改稱“神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)”。神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)也是(shi)一(yi)座城(cheng)門(men)(men)樓形式(shi),用的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高等級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)檐廡殿(dian)式(shi)屋(wu)頂,但它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)大殿(dian)只有(you)五開間加圍(wei)廊,沒有(you)左右(you)向前伸(shen)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)兩翼,所(suo)以在(zai)形制(zhi)上要(yao)比午(wu)門(men)(men)低(di)一(yi)個(ge)等級(ji)。神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)是(shi)宮內日常出入的(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)禁。現神(shen)武(wu)(wu)(wu)門(men)(men)為(wei)故宮博(bo)物院(yuan)正門(men)(men)。
東、西(xi)華(hua)門(men)(men)東華(hua)門(men)(men)與(yu)西(xi)華(hua)門(men)(men)遙(yao)相對應(ying),門(men)(men)外設有下(xia)馬碑石,門(men)(men)內(nei)金水(shui)河南(nan)北流向,上(shang)架(jia)石橋1座(zuo),橋北為三座(zuo)門(men)(men)。東華(hua)門(men)(men)與(yu)西(xi)華(hua)門(men)(men)形制相同(tong),平面(mian)矩形,紅色城臺,白玉須彌(mi)座(zuo),當中辟3座(zuo)券門(men)(men),券洞外方內(nei)圓。城臺上(shang)建有城樓,黃琉璃瓦重(zhong)檐廡殿頂,城樓面(mian)闊5間,進深3間,四周出廊。
北京故宮的(de)(de)(de)外廷以三大殿(dian)為(wei)主。太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)和(he)(he)中(zhong)和(he)(he)殿(dian)、保和(he)(he)殿(dian)都(dou)建(jian)在(zai)漢(han)白玉砌成的(de)(de)(de)8米高的(de)(de)(de)工字形基臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上,太(tai)和(he)(he)殿(dian)在(zai)前,中(zhong)和(he)(he)居中(zhong),保和(he)(he)在(zai)后(hou)。基臺(tai)(tai)(tai)三層重(zhong)疊,每(mei)層臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上邊(bian)緣都(dou)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)有(you)漢(han)白玉雕刻的(de)(de)(de)欄(lan)(lan)板、望柱(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)龍頭,三臺(tai)(tai)(tai)當中(zhong)有(you)三層石階雕有(you)蟠龍,襯托以海浪和(he)(he)流云(yun)的(de)(de)(de)“御路”。在(zai)25000平方米的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面上有(you)透雕欄(lan)(lan)板1415塊,雕刻云(yun)龍翔鳳的(de)(de)(de)望柱(zhu)(zhu)1460個,龍頭1138個。用這(zhe)樣多的(de)(de)(de)漢(han)白玉裝(zhuang)飾(shi)的(de)(de)(de)三臺(tai)(tai)(tai),造型重(zhong)疊起伏(fu),這(zhe)是中(zhong)國古代(dai)建(jian)筑上具有(you)獨特(te)風格的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)藝術。而這(zhe)種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)在(zai)結構功(gong)能上,又是臺(tai)(tai)(tai)面的(de)(de)(de)排水(shui)管道。在(zai)欄(lan)(lan)板地(di)栿石下(xia),刻有(you)小(xiao)洞(dong)口(kou);在(zai)望柱(zhu)(zhu)下(xia)伸出的(de)(de)(de)龍頭也(ye)刻出小(xiao)洞(dong)口(kou)。每(mei)到雨(yu)季,3臺(tai)(tai)(tai)雨(yu)水(shui)逐層由各小(xiao)洞(dong)口(kou)下(xia)泄,水(shui)由龍頭流出。這(zhe)是科學而又藝術的(de)(de)(de)設計。
太和門
太(tai)(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是紫禁城內(nei)最大的宮門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),也是外朝宮殿的正門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。建(jian)成于(yu)明(ming)(ming)永樂(le)十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),當時稱(cheng)奉天門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。嘉(jia)靖四(si)十一年(nian)(1562年(nian))改稱(cheng)皇(huang)極門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),清(qing)(qing)順治二(er)年(nian)(1645年(nian))改今名。太(tai)(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)面闊9間,進深3間,建(jian)筑面積1300平方米。上覆重檐歇(xie)山頂,下為(wei)漢白玉(yu)基座,梁枋等構(gou)件(jian)施以和(he)璽彩畫。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)前列銅獅一對。太(tai)(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)左右各設一門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),東為(wei)昭德門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(明(ming)(ming)代(dai)稱(cheng)弘政(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)),西為(wei)貞度門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(明(ming)(ming)代(dai)稱(cheng)宣(xuan)治門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))。太(tai)(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)(ming)代(dai)是“御門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)”之處。清(qing)(qing)初(chu)的皇(huang)帝(di)也曾(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)太(tai)(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)、賜宴,后來“御門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)聽(ting)政(zheng)”改在(zai)(zai)(zai)乾清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。順治元年(nian)(1644年(nian))九(jiu)月,滿族統治者(zhe)定(ding)鼎北京后的第一個(ge)皇(huang)帝(di)福臨(lin)即(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)太(tai)(tai)和(he)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)頒布大赦令。
太和門廣場
太和門(men)(men)前有面積約(yue)26000平方(fang)米的廣場,內金(jin)水河(he)自西(xi)(xi)向(xiang)東(dong)蜿蜒流過。河(he)上橫架(jia)五座石(shi)橋,習稱(cheng)(cheng)內金(jin)水橋。廣場兩側是排列整齊的廊廡,習稱(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)、西(xi)(xi)朝房,并(bing)有協和門(men)(men)(明代稱(cheng)(cheng)會極門(men)(men))和熙和門(men)(men)(明代稱(cheng)(cheng)歸極門(men)(men))東(dong)西(xi)(xi)對峙。東(dong)側廊廡在(zai)(zai)明代用作實錄館(guan)、玉牒(die)館(guan)和起(qi)居注(zhu)(zhu)館(guan),清代改作稽(ji)察欽奉上諭(yu)事(shi)件處(chu)和內誥(gao)敕房。西(xi)(xi)側廊廡在(zai)(zai)明代為編修《大明會典》的會典館(guan),清代改為繙書(shu)房和起(qi)居注(zhu)(zhu)館(guan)。
太和殿
太(tai)和(he)殿,俗稱“金鑾殿”,明(ming)永樂(le)十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian))建成,稱奉天(tian)殿。嘉靖四(si)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1562年(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱皇(huang)(huang)極殿。清(qing)順治二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian))改今(jin)名(ming)。是皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)舉(ju)行大(da)(da)典(dian)的(de)地(di)方。自建成后(hou)屢遭焚毀,又多(duo)次重(zhong)建,今(jin)天(tian)所見為清(qing)代(dai)康熙三(san)(san)十四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1695年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)建后(hou)的(de)形(xing)制(zhi)。太(tai)和(he)殿面闊11間(jian),進深5間(jian),建筑(zhu)面積2377平方米,高26.92米,連同臺基通高35.05米,為紫禁城內(nei)規模最大(da)(da)的(de)殿宇,檐(yan)角安放10個走(zou)獸。明(ming)清(qing)兩朝24個皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)都在(zai)太(tai)和(he)殿舉(ju)行盛大(da)(da)典(dian)禮,如皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)登(deng)極即位(wei)、皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)大(da)(da)婚、冊立皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)、命將出征,此外每年(nian)(nian)(nian)萬(wan)壽節、元旦、冬(dong)至三(san)(san)大(da)(da)節,皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)在(zai)此接(jie)受文武(wu)官員的(de)朝賀,并向(xiang)王(wang)公大(da)(da)臣賜宴。
中和殿
中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)位于太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)后,高27米,平面呈(cheng)正(zheng)方形(xing),面闊、進深各為3間,四(si)(si)面出廊,建筑面積580平方米。黃琉(liu)璃瓦單檐四(si)(si)角攢(zan)尖頂,正(zheng)中(zhong)有(you)鎏金寶頂。中(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)是皇(huang)帝去太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)舉行(xing)(xing)(xing)大典前(qian)稍事休息和(he)(he)(he)演習(xi)禮儀的地(di)方。皇(huang)帝在(zai)去太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)之前(qian)先在(zai)此稍作停(ting)留,接受內(nei)閣大臣和(he)(he)(he)禮部官員行(xing)(xing)(xing)禮,然(ran)后進太(tai)和(he)(he)(he)殿(dian)(dian)舉行(xing)(xing)(xing)儀式(shi)。另(ling)外,皇(huang)帝祭祀天地(di)和(he)(he)(he)太(tai)廟(miao)之前(qian),也(ye)要先在(zai)這里審閱一下寫有(you)祭文的“祝版(ban)”;在(zai)到中(zhong)南(nan)海演耕(geng)前(qian),也(ye)要在(zai)這里審視一下耕(geng)具。
保和殿
保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(謹身(shen)殿(dian)(dian)、建(jian)(jian)極殿(dian)(dian))也是故宮三大殿(dian)(dian)之一,在(zai)中和(he)殿(dian)(dian)后。保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)高29米,平面呈長方形(xing),面闊(kuo)9間,進(jin)深5間,建(jian)(jian)筑面積1240平方米。黃琉璃(li)瓦重檐歇山(shan)式(shi)(shi)屋頂。屋頂正中有一條(tiao)正脊,前(qian)后各有2條(tiao)垂(chui)脊,在(zai)各條(tiao)垂(chui)脊下(xia)部再斜出一條(tiao)岔(cha)脊,連同正脊、垂(chui)脊、岔(cha)脊共9條(tiao),建(jian)(jian)筑術語上(shang)叫歇山(shan)式(shi)(shi)。保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)是每年除夕皇帝賜(si)宴外藩王(wang)公的場所。保(bao)(bao)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)也是科舉考(kao)試舉行殿(dian)(dian)試的地(di)方。
體(ti)仁閣(ge) 體(ti)仁閣(ge)位(wei)于太和殿前廣場內(nei)東側(ce),面西。始(shi)建于明永樂(le)十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),明初稱文樓(lou),嘉靖時改稱文昭閣(ge),清(qing)(qing)(qing)初改稱體(ti)仁閣(ge)。體(ti)仁閣(ge)高25米,座(zuo)落于崇基之(zhi)(zhi)上,上下兩層(ceng),黃色琉璃瓦廡殿頂。下層(ceng)面闊9間,進深3間。康(kang)熙年(nian)間,曾(ceng)詔內(nei)外(wai)大臣(chen)舉薦博學之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)在體(ti)仁閣(ge)試詩比賦(fu),清(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)各朝御容(rong)也曾(ceng)收(shou)藏于此。乾(qian)隆年(nian)間重建后,此處作(zuo)為清(qing)(qing)(qing)代(dai)內(nei)務府緞(duan)庫,內(nei)設收(shou)貯緞(duan)繡木架143座(zuo)。
弘義閣
弘(hong)義(yi)閣高23.8米,屬(shu)前三殿(dian)區。黃琉璃(li)瓦,廡殿(dian)頂,面闊9間, 進深3間,上下二層,四(si)面出(chu)廊。弘(hong)義(yi)閣侍立(li)于太和殿(dian)西(xi)南側(ce)。初建(jian)于明永(yong)樂年,名為(wei)武(wu)樓(lou),明嘉靖朝改(gai)稱武(wu)成閣,清(qing)初改(gai)為(wei)今(jin)名,意為(wei)弘(hong)揚大義(yi)。清(qing)代的(de)弘(hong)義(yi)閣長(chang)期用(yong)于收儲宮廷使用(yong)的(de)金(jin)銀器(qi)具等。現(xian)辟為(wei)“皇(huang)朝禮樂展”展廳。
乾清門
乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)為紫禁(jin)城內廷的(de)(de)正宮門(men)(men)(men)。建(jian)于明永樂十(shi)八(ba)年(1420年),清(qing)(qing)順(shun)治十(shi)二年(1655年)重修(xiu)。乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)面闊5間,進深3間,高(gao)約16米,單(dan)檐歇山屋頂(ding),座落在(zai)高(gao)1.5米的(de)(de)漢白(bai)玉石須彌座上,周圍(wei)環以雕石欄桿。門(men)(men)(men)前三(san)出三(san)階(jie),中(zhong)為御路石,兩側列銅鎏金獅子一對,中(zhong)開三(san)門(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)東(dong)為內左門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)九卿值(zhi)房,西(xi)(xi)邊內右(you)門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)軍機(ji)處。門(men)(men)(men)前廣場(chang)東(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩端為景運門(men)(men)(men)、隆宗門(men)(men)(men)。乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)是連接內廷與外朝往(wang)來的(de)(de)重要通道,在(zai)清(qing)(qing)代(dai)又兼為處理政務的(de)(de)場(chang)所,清(qing)(qing)代(dai)的(de)(de)“御門(men)(men)(men)聽政”、齋戒、請寶(bao)接寶(bao)等典禮(li)儀(yi)式都在(zai)乾(qian)清(qing)(qing)門(men)(men)(men)舉行(xing)。
乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong) 乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)是內(nei)廷后三(san)宮(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)一。始建(jian)(jian)(jian)于明(ming)(ming)永樂十八(ba)年(1420年),明(ming)(ming)清(qing)(qing)兩代曾(ceng)因數次(ci)被焚毀而重建(jian)(jian)(jian),現(xian)有建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)為(wei)清(qing)(qing)嘉(jia)慶三(san)年(1798年)所建(jian)(jian)(jian)。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)為(wei)黃琉璃瓦重檐(yan)廡殿頂(ding),座(zuo)落在單層(ceng)漢白玉石臺基之(zhi)(zhi)上,連(lian)廊面(mian)闊9間(jian),進深5間(jian),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)積(ji)1400平方米,自臺面(mian)至正(zheng)(zheng)脊高(gao)20余米 ,檐(yan)角置脊9個。殿前(qian)(qian)寬敞(chang)的(de)月(yue)臺上,左(zuo)右(you)分(fen)別有銅(tong)龜、銅(tong)鶴,日晷(gui)、嘉(jia)量,前(qian)(qian)設(she)鎏金(jin)香(xiang)爐4座(zuo),正(zheng)(zheng)中出丹陛(bi),接高(gao)臺甬路(lu)與乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)門相連(lian)。乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)規模為(wei)內(nei)廷之(zhi)(zhi)首,明(ming)(ming)代共有14位皇帝曾(ceng)在此居住。明(ming)(ming)代乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)也曾(ceng)作為(wei)皇帝守喪之(zhi)(zhi)處。清(qing)(qing)順治(zhi)、康(kang)熙也在此居住。雍正(zheng)(zheng)以后,密(mi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)皇儲的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)儲匣存(cun)放乾(qian)(qian)(qian)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)“正(zheng)(zheng)大光明(ming)(ming)”匾后。康(kang)熙、乾(qian)(qian)(qian)隆兩朝(chao)這里也曾(ceng)舉行(xing)過千叟宴。現(xian)為(wei)宮(gong)廷生活原狀陳(chen)列。
交泰殿
交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為內廷(ting)后(hou)三宮之一,位(wei)于乾清(qing)宮和坤(kun)寧(ning)宮之間(jian),約(yue)為明(ming)嘉靖年(nian)間(jian)建。交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平面為方形,深(shen)、廣各(ge)3間(jian)。明(ming)間(jian)設(she)(she)寶(bao)(bao)座,上(shang)(shang)(shang)懸康熙帝(di)御書(shu)“無為”匾,寶(bao)(bao)座后(hou)有板屏一面,上(shang)(shang)(shang)書(shu)乾隆帝(di)御制《交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)銘》。交(jiao)(jiao)泰(tai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為皇(huang)后(hou)千秋節受慶賀禮的地方。清(qing)代于此(ci)(ci)(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)貯(zhu)清(qing)二十五寶(bao)(bao)璽。每年(nian)正月,由欽(qin)天監(jian)選擇(ze)吉日吉時(shi),設(she)(she)案開封陳寶(bao)(bao),皇(huang)帝(di)來此(ci)(ci)(ci)拈香行禮。清(qing)世祖所立“內宮不許干預(yu)政事(shi)”的鐵(tie)牌(pai)曾立于此(ci)(ci)(ci)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。皇(huang)帝(di)大婚時(shi),皇(huang)后(hou)的冊、寶(bao)(bao)安(an)設(she)(she)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內左右(you)案上(shang)(shang)(shang)。每年(nian)春季祀先蠶,皇(huang)后(hou)先一日在此(ci)(ci)(ci)查閱采桑的用具。
坤寧宮
坤(kun)(kun)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)是內廷后(hou)三宮(gong)之一(yi),始建于明永樂十八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),清沿(yan)明制于順(shun)治(zhi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)(xiu),順(shun)治(zhi)十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1655年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))仿沈(shen)陽(yang)盛京清寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)再次(ci)重修(xiu)(xiu)。坤(kun)(kun)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)座北面南,面闊(kuo)連廊9間(jian),進深3間(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦重檐廡殿頂(ding)。明代(dai)是皇后(hou)的寢宮(gong)。清順(shun)治(zhi)十二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改建后(hou),為(wei)(wei)薩滿教(jiao)祭(ji)神的主要場(chang)所。改原明間(jian)開(kai)門為(wei)(wei)東(dong)次(ci)間(jian)開(kai)門,門的西側(ce)四(si)間(jian)設南、北、西三面炕,作為(wei)(wei)祭(ji)神的場(chang)所。清康熙(xi)、同治(zhi)、光緒(xu)皇帝在此大(da)婚(hun),溥(pu)儀結婚(hun)也都是在坤(kun)(kun)寧(ning)(ning)宮(gong)舉行。現為(wei)(wei)宮(gong)廷生活原狀陳列(lie)。
御花園
御花(hua)園位于(yu)紫禁(jin)城中軸線上(shang),坤寧宮(gong)后(hou)(hou)方,明(ming)代稱為“宮(gong)后(hou)(hou)苑”,清代稱御花(hua)園。始(shi)建于(yu)明(ming)永樂(le)十(shi)八年(1420年),以后(hou)(hou)曾有增修,現仍(reng)保留初(chu)建時的(de)基(ji)本(ben)格局。全園南北縱80米,東西寬140米,占(zhan)地面積12000㎡。園內(nei)主(zhu)體建筑欽安殿(dian)為重檐盝頂式,座落于(yu)紫禁(jin)城的(de)南北中軸線上(shang),以其為中心,向(xiang)前方及兩側鋪(pu)展亭臺樓閣。園內(nei)的(de)松、柏、竹與山石,形成四季長青的(de)園林(lin)景(jing)觀。
御景亭
御(yu)景亭(ting)位于御(yu)花(hua)園內東側的(de)假山頂上(shang)。原是明代觀(guan)花(hua)殿的(de)舊址,萬歷(li)(li)間(jian)改堆(dui)假山。山的(de)東西(xi)山石間(jian)各有登道,拾級而上(shang)可(ke)達山頂御(yu)景亭(ting)。亭(ting)子平面(mian)方形,四(si)柱(zhu),一斗二升交蔴葉斗栱,攢尖頂,上(shang)覆翠綠琉璃瓦,黃色琉璃瓦剪邊(bian),鎏金(jin)寶頂,四(si)面(mian)設(she)隔扇門。四(si)周圍繞著(zhu)漢白玉石欄板(ban)。亭(ting)內天花(hua)藻(zao)井,面(mian)南(nan)設(she)寶座。御(yu)景亭(ting)是皇帝(di)、皇后在農歷(li)(li)九月(yue)初九重陽節登高的(de)地方。自亭(ting)上(shang)可(ke)俯(fu)瞰宮苑,遠眺紫禁城、景山、西(xi)苑。
摛藻堂(tang)(tang) 摛藻堂(tang)(tang)位于(yu)御花(hua)園內堆秀(xiu)山東側,依(yi)墻面南,面闊5間(jian),黃(huang)琉璃瓦硬山式(shi)頂,堂(tang)(tang)西墻辟有一(yi)小門,可通(tong)西耳房(fang)。堂(tang)(tang)前(qian)出廊(lang),明(ming)間(jian)開門,次梢間(jian)為檻窗。室內放置(zhi)書架,為宮中藏(zang)(zang)書之所。乾隆四(si)十四(si)年(nian)(1779年(nian))后,《四(si)庫全書薈要》曾貯藏(zang)(zang)于(yu)此。
養心殿
養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)位于內(nei)(nei)廷后三(san)宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)側,西(xi)(xi)六宮(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南面。初建于明嘉靖年間(jian)(16世紀中(zhong)(zhong)),一(yi)直做為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)便(bian)殿(dian)(dian)。自從清雍(yong)正(zheng)朝開始,這里做為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)居(ju)所和日常理政(zheng)之(zhi)處(chu),遂成清代皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)實際上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)寢。“養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)”意(yi)為(wei)(wei)涵養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)性。養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)在宮(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置比較便(bian)利,殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)空間(jian)布局豐(feng)富而功(gong)能集中(zhong)(zhong),廳(ting)堂、書房、寢室以(yi)(yi)及分別用(yong)來批閱奏折、密談(tan)、休憩(qi)、禮(li)佛(fo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)室等一(yi)應俱全,比大(da)殿(dian)(dian)宇更宜于宵衣旰食(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)周旋其(qi)間(jian),是清代高度集權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治體制下更適宜皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)起居(ju)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)所。養(yang)心(xin)(xin)(xin)殿(dian)(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)最著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)是雍(yong)正(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“勤政(zheng)親賢”室、乾隆皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)希(xi)堂以(yi)(yi)及東(dong)暖(nuan)閣的(de)(de)(de)(de)晚清垂簾聽政(zheng)處(chu)。
長春宮
長春(chun)宮(gong)(gong),內廷(ting)西六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一(yi),明永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))建成(cheng),清康熙(xi)二十二年(nian)(nian)(1683年(nian)(nian))重修,后(hou)(hou)又(you)多次修整。咸(xian)豐(feng)(feng)九年(nian)(nian)(1859年(nian)(nian))拆除長春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)的宮(gong)(gong)門長春(chun)門,并將啟(qi)祥宮(gong)(gong)后(hou)(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改為穿堂殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),咸(xian)豐(feng)(feng)帝題額曰“體元殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。長春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)、啟(qi)祥宮(gong)(gong)兩宮(gong)(gong)院由此(ci)連通。長春(chun)宮(gong)(gong)面(mian)闊5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇山式頂。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前左右設(she)銅(tong)龜(gui)、銅(tong)鶴各(ge)1對。東配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曰綏(sui)壽殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),西配殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曰承禧殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),各(ge)3間(jian),前出廊(lang),與轉角廊(lang)相連,可通各(ge)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
翊坤宮
翊坤宮,內(nei)廷西六宮之一,明清時為(wei)妃嬪居所。建于明永樂十八年(1420年)。原為(wei)二進院(yuan),清晚(wan)期將翊坤宮后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改成(cheng)穿堂殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曰(yue)體(ti)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),東西耳房各改一間為(wei)通(tong)道,使翊坤宮與(yu)儲秀(xiu)宮相連(lian),形成(cheng)四進院(yuan)的格(ge)局。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面闊5間,黃琉璃瓦歇山(shan)頂,前后(hou)出廊。檐下施斗拱(gong),梁枋飾以蘇式彩畫(hua)。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前設“光明盛昌(chang)”屏(ping)門,臺基下陳設銅(tong)鳳、銅(tong)鶴、銅(tong)爐各一對。東西有(you)配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曰(yue)延洪殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、元(yuan)和(he)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),均為(wei)3間黃琉璃瓦硬(ying)山(shan)頂建筑。
儲秀宮
儲秀(xiu)宮(gong)(gong),內廷(ting)西(xi)六宮(gong)(gong)之一(yi),明清時為(wei)妃嬪(pin)所居。始建(jian)于明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian)),光緒十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1884年(nian)(nian))為(wei)慶(qing)祝慈禧五十(shi)壽辰,耗費白銀63萬兩進行大規模(mo)整修(xiu),現存建(jian)筑為(wei)光緒十(shi)年(nian)(nian)重修(xiu)后的形(xing)制。儲秀(xiu)宮(gong)(gong)原為(wei)二進院(yuan),清晚(wan)期拆除了儲秀(xiu)門及圍墻,并將翊(yi)坤(kun)宮(gong)(gong)后殿(dian)改為(wei)穿(chuan)堂殿(dian),稱(cheng)體和殿(dian),連通(tong)儲秀(xiu)宮(gong)(gong)與翊(yi)坤(kun)宮(gong)(gong),形(xing)成(cheng)相通(tong)的四(si)進院(yuan)落。
太極殿
太極(ji)殿(dian),內(nei)廷西(xi)六宮之一(yi),建于(yu)(yu)明永樂十八年(1420年)。原(yuan)名未(wei)央宮,因嘉靖皇帝的生(sheng)父興(xing)獻王朱祐杬(yuan)生(sheng)于(yu)(yu)此,故(gu)于(yu)(yu)嘉靖十四(si)年(1535年)更(geng)名啟祥宮,清代晚期改稱太極(ji)殿(dian)。清代曾多(duo)次修(xiu)葺。太極(ji)殿(dian)原(yuan)為(wei)二(er)進院,清后期改修(xiu)長春宮時,將太極(ji)殿(dian)后殿(dian)辟為(wei)穿堂殿(dian),后檐接出抱(bao)廈,并與(yu)(yu)長春宮及其東(dong)西(xi)配殿(dian)以(yi)轉角游廊相(xiang)連(lian),形成(cheng)回廊,東(dong)西(xi)耳房(fang)各開一(yi)間(jian)為(wei)通(tong)道,使(shi)太極(ji)殿(dian)與(yu)(yu)長春宮連(lian)接成(cheng)相(xiang)互貫通(tong)的四(si)進院。
永壽宮
永壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)內廷(ting)西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一。建于明(ming)永樂(le)十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),初名(ming)長樂(le)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。永壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)兩(liang)進院,前院正殿永壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面闊5間(jian),黃琉璃(li)瓦歇山頂。殿內高懸(xuan)乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝御筆(bi)匾額(e)“令(ling)德淑儀”,東壁(bi)懸(xuan)乾(qian)隆(long)《圣制班姬辭輦贊》,西壁(bi)懸(xuan)《班姬辭輦圖(tu)》。乾(qian)隆(long)六年(nian)(1741年(nian)),乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝下令(ling),內廷(ting)東西十(shi)一宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的匾額(e)“俱照(zhao)永壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式樣制造”,自掛起之(zhi)后,不(bu)許擅動或更換。
重華宮 重華宮位于(yu)內廷西路西六宮以北,原為明(ming)代乾(qian)西五所(suo)之二所(suo)。雍(yong)正十一(yi)年(nian)(1733年(nian)),弘(hong)(hong)歷(li)被(bei)封(feng)為“和碩寶親王”,住地賜名(ming)(ming)“樂(le)善(shan)堂”。弘(hong)(hong)歷(li)登(deng)極后(hou)(hou)(hou),名(ming)(ming)重華。重華宮沿(yan)用乾(qian)西二所(suo)的(de)三進院落格局。前(qian)院正殿為崇敬殿。殿內正中懸弘(hong)(hong)歷(li)為和碩寶親王時親筆書匾額“樂(le)善(shan)堂”。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)(hou)嘉慶皇帝將重華宮茶宴聯句作為家法,于(yu)每(mei)年(nian)的(de)正月(yue)初二至初十期(qi)間(jian)舉行。道光年(nian)間(jian)仍(reng)時有舉行,咸豐以后(hou)(hou)(hou)終(zhong)止。
咸(xian)福(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong) 咸(xian)福(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為內廷西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)之一。為兩進院,正(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)咸(xian)福(fu)門(men)(men)(men)為琉(liu)璃門(men)(men)(men),面闊3間,黃琉(liu)璃瓦廡殿(dian)(dian)頂(ding)(ding),形制(zhi)高于西六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)中其它五宮(gong)(gong)(gong),與東六宮(gong)(gong)(gong)相(xiang)對稱位置的景陽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)形制(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)。后院正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)名“同(tong)道(dao)堂”,室(shi)內設落(luo)地(di)罩隔斷,頂(ding)(ding)棚(peng)為海墁天花。咸(xian)福(fu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)為后妃(fei)(fei)所居,前殿(dian)(dian)為行禮升座之處,后殿(dian)(dian)為寢宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。道(dao)光(guang)帝(di)琳貴人(莊順皇貴妃(fei)(fei))、成(cheng)貴妃(fei)(fei)、彤貴妃(fei)(fei)、常妃(fei)(fei)等都(dou)曾(ceng)在此居住。
漱芳(fang)齋(zhai) 漱芳(fang)齋(zhai)原為(wei)乾(qian)西五所(suo)(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)頭所(suo)(suo)。清乾(qian)隆(long)皇帝(di)即位(wei)后(hou),改乾(qian)西二(er)所(suo)(suo)為(wei)重華宮,遂將(jiang)頭所(suo)(suo)改為(wei)漱芳(fang)齋(zhai),并建戲(xi)臺(tai),作為(wei)重華宮宴集演(yan)戲(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)(suo)。漱芳(fang)齋(zhai)為(wei)工字形殿,前殿與(yu)南房、東(dong)西配殿圍(wei)成獨立的小院,其(qi)間有游廊(lang)相(xiang)連。乾(qian)隆(long)年間,逢萬壽節(jie)、圣壽節(jie)、中元(yuan)節(jie)、除夕等重要節(jie)日,常(chang)侍奉皇太后(hou)在(zai)后(hou)殿進膳、看(kan)戲(xi),并賜(si)宴于王公大(da)臣。宣(xuan)統皇帝(di)遜位(wei)后(hou),同治(zhi)帝(di)瑜(yu)妃(fei)、瑨妃(fei)曾居(ju)漱芳(fang)齋(zhai)芝蘭室,遇(yu)太妃(fei)誕辰日,仍于此(ci)處傳戲(xi),直(zhi)至溥(pu)儀被(bei)迫“即日出宮”。
奉先殿
奉先殿,位于(yu)(yu)紫禁(jin)城內(nei)廷東側,為明(ming)清(qing)(qing)皇室祭祀祖先的家廟,始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)(yu)明(ming)初。清(qing)(qing)沿明(ming)制,于(yu)(yu)清(qing)(qing)順治十四年(1657年)重建(jian),后又多次修(xiu)繕。奉先殿建(jian)筑面積1225.00㎡。黃色琉璃瓦(wa)重檐(yan)(yan)廡殿頂,檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)彩繪(hui)金線大點金旋(xuan)子彩畫。按清(qing)(qing)制,凡遇朔望、萬壽(shou)圣節、元旦及(ji)國家大慶(qing)等,大祭于(yu)(yu)前殿;遇列圣列后圣誕、忌辰(chen)及(ji)元宵(xiao)、清(qing)(qing)明(ming)、中元、霜降、歲除等日,于(yu)(yu)后殿上(shang)香行禮(li);凡上(shang)徽(hui)號(hao)、冊立、冊封、御經筵、耕耤、謁(ye)陵、巡(xun)狩、回鑾及(ji)諸(zhu)慶(qing)典(dian),均祗告(gao)于(yu)(yu)后殿。
承乾宮
承乾宮,內廷東六宮之一。明(ming)永樂(le)十八年(1420年)建成,初曰永寧宮。宮為(wei)兩進院,后院正殿5間,明(ming)間開門。此宮在明(ming)代為(wei)貴妃所居(ju)。清代為(wei)后妃所居(ju),清順治帝(di)皇貴妃董鄂氏(shi),道光帝(di)孝全(quan)成皇后等都曾在此居(ju)住。
景仁宮
景(jing)仁宮(gong),內(nei)廷東(dong)六宮(gong)之一(yi)。明(ming)永(yong)樂(le)十八年(nian)(nian)(1420年(nian)(nian))建(jian)成,初曰長安宮(gong)。宮(gong)為(wei)二進院,正門(men)(men)南向,門(men)(men)內(nei)有石影(ying)壁一(yi)座,傳為(wei)元代遺物。后(hou)院正殿5間,明(ming)間開門(men)(men)。景(jing)仁宮(gong)明(ming)代為(wei)嬪妃居(ju)所。清順治十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(1654年(nian)(nian))三月,康熙帝生于此(ci)宮(gong)。乾(qian)隆(long)帝生母孝圣憲皇(huang)后(hou)、咸(xian)豐帝婉貴妃、光緒(xu)帝珍妃均曾(ceng)在此(ci)居(ju)住。
延禧宮
延(yan)(yan)禧宮(gong)為內廷東(dong)(dong)六宮(gong)之一,建于明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),初名長壽(shou)宮(gong)。殿(dian)前(qian)有東(dong)(dong)西配殿(dian)各3間(jian)。后(hou)院正殿(dian)5間(jian),亦有東(dong)(dong)西配殿(dian)各3間(jian),均為黃琉(liu)璃瓦硬山(shan)頂。宣(xuan)統(tong)元年(nian)(1909年(nian))在延(yan)(yan)禧宮(gong)原址(zhi)興工(gong)修建一座3層西洋式建筑--水殿(dian)。水殿(dian)四(si)周浚池,引玉泉山(shan)水環(huan)繞。主樓每層9間(jian),底(di)層四(si)面(mian)當中各開一門(men),四(si)周環(huan)以圍廊。隆裕太后(hou)題匾(bian)額曰“靈沼軒”,俗稱“水晶宮(gong)”。1917年(nian)張勛復辟時,延(yan)(yan)禧宮(gong)北部(bu)被直系(xi)部(bu)隊飛(fei)機投彈炸毀。
景陽宮
景陽(yang)(yang)宮(gong),為(wei)(wei)內廷東(dong)(dong)(dong)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)之一,位于鐘粹宮(gong)之東(dong)(dong)(dong)、永和宮(gong)之北。明永樂十(shi)八年(nian)(1420年(nian))建成,初(chu)名長(chang)陽(yang)(yang)宮(gong),嘉靖十(shi)四年(nian)(1535年(nian))更名景陽(yang)(yang)宮(gong)。明代為(wei)(wei)嬪妃所居。清代改作收貯(zhu)圖書之地。宮(gong)為(wei)(wei)二進院(yuan)(yuan),正門南向,名景陽(yang)(yang)門,前院(yuan)(yuan)正殿即景陽(yang)(yang)宮(gong),面闊3間(jian),黃琉(liu)璃瓦廡殿頂(ding),與東(dong)(dong)(dong)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)中(zhong)其它五宮(gong)的(de)屋(wu)頂(ding)形式不同。后院(yuan)(yuan)正殿為(wei)(wei)御書房,面闊5間(jian),明間(jian)開門,黃琉(liu)璃瓦歇(xie)山式頂(ding)。次、梢(shao)間(jian)為(wei)(wei)檻墻(qiang)、檻窗,檐下施以(yi)斗栱(gong),飾龍(long)和璽彩畫(hua)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)西六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)年(nian)節張掛(gua)的(de)《宮(gong)訓圖》原收藏于此。
永和宮
永(yong)和宮(gong)(gong),內(nei)廷(ting)東(dong)六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)一,位于承乾(qian)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東(dong)、景(jing)陽(yang)宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)南。明(ming)代(dai)為(wei)妃嬪所居(ju),清代(dai)為(wei)后妃所居(ju)。清康(kang)熙帝孝恭仁皇后久居(ju)此宮(gong)(gong)。其后,道光帝靜貴(gui)妃,咸豐帝麗貴(gui)人等先后在(zai)此居(ju)住(zhu)。宮(gong)(gong)為(wei)二進院,正門(men)(men)南向,名永(yong)和門(men)(men),前(qian)院正殿(dian)即(ji)永(yong)和宮(gong)(gong),面闊5間(jian)。明(ming)間(jian)開門(men)(men),次、梢間(jian)皆(jie)為(wei)檻墻,上(shang)安支(zhi)窗(chuang)。正間(jian)室內(nei)懸乾(qian)隆(long)御(yu)題“儀昭淑慎(shen)”匾,吊(diao)白樘箅子(zi)頂(ding)棚,方磚墁地。東(dong)西(xi)有配(pei)殿(dian)各(ge)3間(jian),明(ming)間(jian)開門(men)(men),黃(huang)琉璃瓦硬山式頂(ding),檐(yan)下飾(shi)旋(xuan)子(zi)彩畫。東(dong)西(xi)配(pei)殿(dian)的北側皆(jie)為(wei)耳房,各(ge)3間(jian)。
毓慶宮
毓(yu)慶(qing)宮(gong)位(wei)于內廷東(dong)路奉先(xian)殿(dian)與(yu)(yu)齋宮(gong)之間,系清康熙十八年(1679年)在(zai)明(ming)代奉慈(ci)殿(dian)基址上修建(jian)而(er)成(cheng)。是由長方形院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo)組成(cheng)的建(jian)筑(zhu)群,前(qian)后共四進(jin)。正門前(qian)星門,門內為第一進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo),有值房3座,西墻開(kai)陽曜門與(yu)(yu)齋宮(gong)相通。過(guo)院(yuan)(yuan)北祥旭(xu)門為第二進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)落(luo)(luo),正殿(dian)惇本殿(dian),東(dong)西配殿(dian)各(ge)3間。第三進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)西兩側各(ge)有圍房20間,直抵第四進(jin)院(yuan)(yuan),正殿(dian)即毓(yu)慶(qing)宮(gong),建(jian)筑(zhu)為工字殿(dian)。毓(yu)慶(qing)宮(gong)是康熙年間特為皇太子允礽所建(jian),后作為皇子居所。同治、光緒兩朝,此(ci)宮(gong)均作為皇帝讀(du)書處,光緒皇帝曾(ceng)在(zai)此(ci)居住。
齋宮
齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)位于紫(zi)禁(jin)城東六宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)南,毓慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)西,為(wei)(wei)皇帝行祭(ji)天祀(si)(si)(si)地(di)(di)典禮前(qian)的(de)齋(zhai)戒(jie)之(zhi)所。明代和清前(qian)期,祭(ji)天祀(si)(si)(si)地(di)(di)前(qian)的(de)齋(zhai)戒(jie)均在宮(gong)(gong)外進(jin)(jin)行。齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)系前(qian)朝后寢(qin)兩進(jin)(jin)的(de)長(chang)方形(xing)院落。前(qian)殿齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),面(mian)闊5間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇山頂(ding),前(qian)出抱廈3間(jian),明間(jian)、兩次間(jian)開隔扇門(men),兩梢間(jian)為(wei)(wei)檻窗。凡祭(ji)天祀(si)(si)(si)地(di)(di)及祈谷、常雩大祀(si)(si)(si)前(qian),皇帝致齋(zhai)于此。遇皇帝宿齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong),恭設齋(zhai)戒(jie)牌、銅(tong)人于齋(zhai)宮(gong)(gong)丹陛左(zuo)側。齋(zhai)戒(jie)日,皇帝與陪(pei)祀(si)(si)(si)大臣(chen)佩戴齋(zhai)戒(jie)牌,各宮(gong)(gong)懸齋(zhai)戒(jie)木牌于簾額。齋(zhai)戒(jie)期間(jian),不(bu)作樂(le),不(bu)飲(yin)酒,忌辛辣。
武英殿
武(wu)(wu)英(ying)殿(dian)始建(jian)于(yu)明(ming)初(chu),位(wei)于(yu)外朝熙和門(men)以(yi)西。正殿(dian)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)殿(dian)南向,面闊5間(jian),進深3間(jian),黃琉璃瓦歇(xie)山頂。東西配殿(dian)分別是(shi)凝道殿(dian)、煥章殿(dian),左右共有廊房(fang)63間(jian)。院落東北有恒(heng)壽(shou)齋(zhai),西北為浴德堂。明(ming)初(chu)帝王齋(zhai)居(ju)、召見(jian)大(da)臣(chen)皆于(yu)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)殿(dian),后(hou)移(yi)至文(wen)華殿(dian)。清兵入關(guan)之(zhi)初(chu),攝政王多(duo)爾袞先行抵(di)京(jing),以(yi)武(wu)(wu)英(ying)殿(dian)作為理事之(zhi)所(suo)。
皇極殿
皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)為(wei)寧(ning)(ning)壽宮(gong)區(qu)的(de)主體(ti)建(jian)筑,始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)(yu)清康(kang)熙二十八年(nian)(1689年(nian)),初名寧(ning)(ning)壽宮(gong)。皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)寧(ning)(ning)壽宮(gong)區(qu)中軸線(xian)前部,與(yu)后殿(dian)寧(ning)(ning)壽宮(gong)前后排列于(yu)(yu)單層石臺基之(zhi)上(shang)。殿(dian)座(zuo)北朝南,面闊9間,進深(shen)5間,取帝尊九五(wu)之(zhi)制。皇(huang)極(ji)(ji)殿(dian)丹陛左右分置日晷、嘉量,是(shi)體(ti)現皇(huang)權的(de)重要(yao)陳設。御道兩側各有六(liu)方須彌座(zuo)一個,座(zuo)上(shang)置重檐(yan)六(liu)角亭,亭身每面鐫篆體(ti)壽字各三。
慈寧宮
慈寧宮位于內廷外西(xi)路隆(long)宗門(men)西(xi)側。始(shi)(shi)建于明(ming)嘉靖(jing)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1536年(nian)(nian))。乾(qian)隆(long)三十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(1769年(nian)(nian))興工將慈寧宮正殿由單檐改(gai)為(wei)重檐,并將后寢殿后移,始(shi)(shi)定今之形制。正殿慈寧宮居(ju)中,前(qian)后出(chu)(chu)廊,黃(huang)琉(liu)璃瓦重檐歇山頂。面闊7間,當中5間各開4扇雙交(jiao)四(si)椀菱花槅扇門(men)。兩(liang)梢間為(wei)磚砌坎墻,各開4扇雙交(jiao)四(si)椀菱花槅扇窗(chuang)。殿前(qian)出(chu)(chu)月(yue)臺(tai),正面出(chu)(chu)三階,左右各出(chu)(chu)一階,臺(tai)上陳鎏(liu)金銅香爐4座。東(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)山設卡墻,各開垂花門(men),可通后院。
文淵閣
文(wen)淵閣是文(wen)華(hua)殿(dian)后(hou)的藏(zang)書樓,乾隆四十一年(1776年)仿(fang)浙江藏(zang)書名樓“天一閣”建(jian)造。閣分上(shang)下(xia)兩層,黑色琉璃瓦(wa)覆頂(ding),綠色琉璃瓦(wa)剪邊,色調(diao)深沉雅(ya)致,又寓含(han)五行中黑色主水(shui),以(yi)水(shui)克火的用意。閣內藏(zang)《四庫(ku)全書》與(yu)《欽定古今圖書集成(cheng)》,清代乾隆朝以(yi)后(hou),除了皇帝來這里讀書外,也允許臣工和學士們來此查(cha)閱圖書。
暢音閣
暢音(yin)閣通高(gao)(gao)(gao)20.71米,在(zai)寧(ning)壽宮區的(de)中(zhong)部(bu),養性殿東側,是紫(zi)禁城(cheng)中(zhong)最大(da)的(de)戲(xi)樓。清(qing)乾隆四十一年(1776年)建成,嘉慶年(19世紀初)又增建扮戲(xi)樓。閣高(gao)(gao)(gao)20余米,從城(cheng)墻(qiang)外也能望見(jian)樓閣的(de)綠琉璃(li)瓦頂。“暢音(yin)”即(ji)盡(jin)情賞(shang)樂音(yin)之意(yi)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)閣分(fen)上、中(zhong)、下三層,分(fen)別為福、祿、壽臺(tai)。壽臺(tai)臺(tai)面(mian)有五口井(jing)(jing)通地下室,上有三個天井(jing)(jing)通祿臺(tai)。此(ci)閣朝北,與帝(di)后等賞(shang)戲(xi)的(de)閱是樓相對。每(mei)逢年節,宮中(zhong)即(ji)在(zai)此(ci)開演大(da)戲(xi),臺(tai)上、臺(tai)下都熱鬧非凡。
壽安宮
壽(shou)安(an)(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)位于(yu)內廷外(wai)西(xi)路壽(shou)康(kang)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)以北(bei),英華殿以南。始建(jian)于(yu)明代,初名咸(xian)熙宮(gong)(gong)(gong),嘉(jia)靖(jing)四年(nian)(nian)(1525年(nian)(nian))改稱咸(xian)安(an)(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。清(qing)初沿明制,雍正年(nian)(nian)間在(zai)此(ci)興辦咸(xian)安(an)(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)官學,乾(qian)隆十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1751年(nian)(nian))咸(xian)安(an)(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)官學移出。同年(nian)(nian),乾(qian)隆皇(huang)帝為(wei)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)賀(he)皇(huang)太(tai)后六十(shi)壽(shou)誕(dan),將此(ci)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)修葺一(yi)新后改稱壽(shou)安(an)(an)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。乾(qian)隆二十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1760年(nian)(nian)),為(wei)皇(huang)太(tai)后七(qi)十(shi)圣壽(shou)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)典,在(zai)院中添建(jian)一(yi)座3層(ceng)大戲(xi)臺。嘉(jia)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)四年(nian)(nian)(1799年(nian)(nian))將戲(xi)臺拆除,扮戲(xi)樓改建(jian)為(wei)春禧殿后卷(juan)殿。
養性(xing)殿 養性(xing)殿位(wei)于寧壽宮(gong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的養性(xing)門內(nei)。為(wei)寧壽宮(gong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)寢(qin)主體建(jian)筑之一。清乾隆三十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(1772年(nian)(nian))仿內(nei)廷(ting)養心殿建(jian)造,體量略小(xiao),平面布局(ju)特(te)殊(shu)。養性(xing)殿作為(wei)太(tai)上(shang)皇帝寢(qin)宮(gong),原為(wei)和璽彩(cai)(cai)(cai)畫。光緒(xu)年(nian)(nian)間慈禧太(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)居樂壽堂時,曾在養性(xing)殿東暖閣進(jin)早、晚膳(shan)。此(ci)殿在光緒(xu)十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)重修后(hou)(hou)(hou),除(chu)墨云室仍(reng)為(wei)和璽彩(cai)(cai)(cai)畫外,其它均改為(wei)蘇式彩(cai)(cai)(cai)畫。
九龍壁
九龍(long)壁位(wei)于紫禁城寧(ning)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)區(qu)皇極門外(wai)。壁長29.47m,高3.59m,厚(hou)0.45.9m,是一(yi)座背倚宮(gong)(gong)墻(qiang)而建(jian)的(de)單面琉璃影壁,為乾隆三十七年(nian)(1770年(nian))改建(jian)寧(ning)壽(shou)宮(gong)(gong)時燒造(zao)。
珍妃井
位于(yu)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)故宮(gong)寧壽宮(gong)北(bei)(bei)端(duan)的(de)貞順(shun)門內,原為宮(gong)中(zhong)普通水井(jing)(jing)。珍(zhen)妃(fei)井(jing)(jing)井(jing)(jing)眼(yan)上(shang)置井(jing)(jing)口石,石兩側鑿小洞,用(yong)以穿(chuan)入鐵棍上(shang)鎖。清光緒(xu)二十六年(1900年)八國聯軍(jun)攻打京(jing)城,慈(ci)禧(xi)太(tai)后(hou)與光緒(xu)皇帝倉惶西逃。臨行(xing)之前(qian),慈(ci)禧(xi)太(tai)后(hou)將幽禁(jin)在景祺閣北(bei)(bei)小院(yuan)的(de)珍(zhen)妃(fei)召至頤和(he)軒,命太(tai)監崔玉貴等人(ren)將她推入貞順(shun)門內井(jing)(jing)中(zhong)溺死,此井(jing)(jing)因而(er)得名“珍(zhen)妃(fei)井(jing)(jing)”。
故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)創立(li)(li),具(ju)有兩方面的(de)(de)意(yi)義:其一(yi)是民(min)主(zhu)革(ge)命的(de)(de)又(you)一(yi)勝利,是對(dui)復辟勢力的(de)(de)一(yi)次致命打擊;其二是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)化藝術史上的(de)(de)一(yi)個偉大業績。民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)十四年(nian)(nian)(1925年(nian)(nian))10月10日舉行(xing)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)立(li)(li)典(dian)禮(li)。博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館是以(yi)文(wen)化教育為目(mu)的(de)(de),收藏、研(yan)究、展示和保(bao)存實物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)機構。將(jiang)作為君主(zhu)法(fa)統象征(zheng)和僅供皇帝(di)觀賞享用的(de)(de)珍貴文(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu),變為全(quan)民(min)族的(de)(de)共有財富。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)立(li)(li)時(shi),就(jiu)制定了(le)《故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)臨時(shi)理事會章程》。民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(1928年(nian)(nian)),國(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)政府頒(ban)布了(le)《故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)組織法(fa)》,這(zhe)是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史上第一(yi)部有關博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館的(de)(de)法(fa)律,后來又(you)頒(ban)布了(le)《中(zhong)華民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)理事會條例》。這(zhe)兩份文(wen)件在故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)發展史上具(ju)有十分重要的(de)(de)意(yi)義,標志著博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)院(yuan)(yuan)已由草創走向成(cheng)熟(shu),也是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)博(bo)(bo)(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)館事業走上正軌的(de)(de)開端。
1987年,北(bei)京故宮(gong)被列入世界(jie)文化(hua)遺產(chan)。世界(jie)遺產(chan)組織對故宮(gong)的(de)評價是:“紫(zi)禁城是中國(guo)(guo)五個多世紀以(yi)來的(de)最高權力(li)中心(xin),它以(yi)園林(lin)景觀和容(rong)納(na)了家具(ju)及工藝品的(de)9000個房(fang)間的(de)龐大建筑群,成為明(ming)清時(shi)代中國(guo)(guo)文明(ming)無價的(de)歷史見證。”
故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)成(cheng)為(wei)世(shi)界文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)(chan),使人們對故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)古建筑(zhu)(zhu)價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識有了深(shen)化(hua)。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)所(suo)代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)是已經成(cheng)為(wei)歷(li)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua),而(er)且(qie)有著宮(gong)廷文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外殼,同(tong)(tong)時它卻代表了當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)主流文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua),經過(guo)了長(chang)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)篩選和積(ji)累,當然不能(neng)簡單(dan)用“封建落后(hou)”來概括(kuo)。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)和博物(wu)(wu)院不是毫不相干或對立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)是有機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一,相得益彰。把它們結合(he)起來,就可看到,故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)博物(wu)(wu)院是世(shi)界上(shang)極少數同(tong)(tong)時具(ju)備藝術博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)、建筑(zhu)(zhu)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)、歷(li)史(shi)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)、宮(gong)廷文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)等特色,并且(qie)符合(he)國(guo)際公認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“原址保(bao)護”、“原狀陳列”基本原則的(de)(de)(de)(de)博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)和文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)。世(shi)界文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本精神是文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多樣性,從(cong)世(shi)界文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度,人們努(nu)力(li)挖掘(jue)和認(ren)識故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)具(ju)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)和普世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值。
“文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)”觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)引入(ru),突(tu)破了傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)“文(wen)物”觀(guan)念(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,強化(hua)(hua)(hua)著(zhu)遺(yi)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi)、共享意(yi)(yi)識(shi)(shi),以(yi)及全社會(hui)(hui)都必須(xu)承擔(dan)管理(li)和保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)念(nian),促使人們從“大故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念(nian)來看待(dai)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。這在(zai)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中得(de)到了充(chong)分(fen)體現。不僅要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)本身,還要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境。過去只重視對(dui)(dui)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)本身的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),后來認識(shi)(shi)到與(yu)皇宮(gong)(gong)連(lian)在(zai)一起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)城河(he)也是皇宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)當然組成部(bu)分(fen),必須(xu)治理(li),于是就有(you)了20世紀90年代投資6億元(yuan)人民幣(bi)、費(fei)時三年的(de)(de)(de)(de)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)城河(he)治理(li),改變了長(chang)期(qi)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臟、亂、差面貌(mao)(mao)。根據世界(jie)遺(yi)產(chan)委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求,在(zai)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產(chan)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)周邊必須(xu)劃定(ding)“緩沖區”,以(yi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)其周邊原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史風貌(mao)(mao)和環境。2007年5月,在(zai)北京召開的(de)(de)(de)(de)“東亞地區文(wen)物建筑保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)理(li)念(nian)與(yu)實(shi)踐國際研討會(hui)(hui)”通過的(de)(de)(de)(de)《北京文(wen)件》,對(dui)(dui)中國遺(yi)產(chan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政策和原則給(gei)予(yu)很高評價,對(dui)(dui)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)等(deng)世界(jie)遺(yi)產(chan)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)修繕給(gei)予(yu)充(chong)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肯定(ding),這是對(dui)(dui)不同文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)背景的(de)(de)(de)(de)世界(jie)遺(yi)產(chan)及其特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)方式的(de)(de)(de)(de)尊重。
故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)是故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)物院(yuan)于2003年提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de),它是以(yi)北京故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)及(ji)其豐(feng)富收藏為研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)對象的(de)(de)(de)一門科(ke)學(xue)(xue)。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)主要包括(kuo)紫禁城宮(gong)(gong)殿建筑(zhu)群、文(wen)物典(dian)(dian)藏、宮(gong)(gong)廷歷史文(wen)化遺存(cun)、明清(qing)檔案、清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)典(dian)(dian)籍及(ji)故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)(bo)物院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)歷史六個方面(mian),有著豐(feng)富深邃(sui)的(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)科(ke)內(nei)涵。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)文(wen)化是以(yi)皇(huang)(huang)帝、皇(huang)(huang)權、皇(huang)(huang)宮(gong)(gong)為核(he)心的(de)(de)(de)皇(huang)(huang)家文(wen)化。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)出并確立將(jiang)使其研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)進(jin)入自覺階段,從整(zheng)體上提(ti)高故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)(gong)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)水平。
從故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)視野看(kan)待(dai)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),不(bu)(bu)僅認識到故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)古建(jian)筑(zhu)、宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廷文(wen)(wen)(wen)物珍藏(zang)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)價值(zhi),而且看(kan)到宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廷歷史(shi)遺(yi)存有著同樣重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意義;更為重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),古建(jian)筑(zhu)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)物藏(zang)品(pin)、歷史(shi)遺(yi)存以(yi)及在此發(fa)生(sheng)過的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)和事,是(shi)一(yi)個不(bu)(bu)可分割的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化整(zheng)體。這(zhe)一(yi)認識是(shi)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)學(xue)得以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)依據,也有利于進(jin)一(yi)步挖掘故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化內(nei)涵。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)一(yi)整(zheng)體性,也使流散在院外、海外、國外的(de)(de)(de)清宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)舊藏(zang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物、檔案(an)文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻有了一(yi)個學(xue)術上的(de)(de)(de)歸宿(su)。基于此,兩岸故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)博物院在學(xue)術研(yan)究上的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流與合作就是(shi)不(bu)(bu)可避免的(de)(de)(de),人(ren)(ren)為地阻隔只能(neng)是(shi)暫時的(de)(de)(de),事實(shi)上這(zhe)種交(jiao)流也是(shi)在不(bu)(bu)斷地發(fa)展。
北京(jing)故宮(gong)門(men)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)價格旺季60元,淡(dan)季40元。2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)7月(yue)1日(ri)(ri),北京(jing)故宮(gong)限流(liu)(liu)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)案(an)(an)公布了試(shi)行方(fang)案(an)(an),具(ju)體為3項試(shi)行方(fang)案(an)(an)——年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)方(fang)案(an)(an)、主題免(mian)費開放日(ri)(ri)方(fang)案(an)(an)、單(dan)日(ri)(ri)內(nei)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)案(an)(an)。故宮(gong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)采(cai)用(yong)實名制(zhi),按(an)自(zi)然(ran)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)發(fa)售(shou)(shou)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao),每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)開始發(fa)售(shou)(shou)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)。按(an)照年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)方(fang)案(an)(an),在一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)內(nei)(自(zi)然(ran)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))可憑(ping)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)參觀10次(不含專館(guan)),每(mei)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月(yue)開始發(fa)售(shou)(shou)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)票(piao)(piao)(piao)(piao)。
2014年(nian)12月開(kai)始,故宮在淡季每月第一個星期三試行主題免(mian)費(fei)開(kai)放日(ri),以此引導(dao)部分觀眾避(bi)開(kai)參觀的高峰期,獲得更好的參觀環境與文化氛圍(wei)。 ?教師(shi)、大專(zhuan)院校學生、現役軍人等五類人群將有機會在特定時間免(mian)費(fei)參觀故宮。
2015年(nian)6月(yue)13日,第十個“中國文化(hua)遺產日”,故宮將(jiang)(jiang)正式實(shi)行每日8萬人次的強制(zhi)限流措施。為防止黃牛(niu)黨利用故宮的限流政策(ce)高(gao)價倒(dao)賣門(men)票(piao),2015年(nian)6月(yue)13日,故宮將(jiang)(jiang)同(tong)步(bu)實(shi)行全(quan)員實(shi)名制(zhi)購票(piao)政策(ce),并實(shi)行旅行社(she)團隊全(quan)部通過(guo)(guo)網(wang)絡(luo)預(yu)(yu)訂(ding)門(men)票(piao),也(ye)提倡(chang)散客通過(guo)(guo)網(wang)絡(luo)預(yu)(yu)訂(ding)門(men)票(piao),逐步(bu)提高(gao)網(wang)絡(luo)預(yu)(yu)售比例。 淡(dan)季網(wang)絡(luo)門(men)票(piao)降至20元,并適時推出手機售票(piao)除了(le)網(wang)上購票(piao),故宮還將(jiang)(jiang)推出手機售票(piao)。?
2017年5月,故宮(gong)博物院(yuan)召(zhao)開新聞(wen)發布會,院(yuan)長單霽翔稱,擬在2017年第四季度(10月下旬)起,取(qu)消現場售票,實行(xing)全網絡售票參觀(guan),最(zui)終實現“分時段售票、分時段參觀(guan)、有(you)效控(kong)制觀(guan)眾(zhong)流量”。?
2012年5月,故宮(gong)官方通過文(wen)化(hua)部向國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院提(ti)出開展“平安故宮(gong)”工(gong)程的建議,以徹底解決故宮(gong)存在的火(huo)災(zai)隱(yin)患、盜竊隱(yin)患、震災(zai)隱(yin)患、藏(zang)品自然損壞(huai)隱(yin)患、文(wen)物(wu)庫房隱(yin)患、基礎設施(shi)隱(yin)患、觀眾安全隱(yin)患等7大安全問題。2013年4月,“平安故宮(gong)”工(gong)程得到國(guo)務(wu)(wu)院批準(zhun)立項,計(ji)劃到2020年完成。
2014年11月(yue)23日在(zai)廈門首度對外(wai)亮(liang)相。源自中(zhong)國傳統的吉祥(xiang)龍鳳(feng),分別(bie)為龍“壯壯”和鳳(feng)“美美”。吉祥(xiang)物設計(ji)始于2013年9月(yue),歷經(jing)近10月(yue),數(shu)易(yi)其稿(gao)后方正式定稿(gao),吉祥(xiang)物身上(shang)的服飾、補子、朝珠、龍帽、鳳(feng)冠都經(jing)過專家考(kao)證,力求精確(que)。
此次發布的(de)(de)吉(ji)祥物身著(zhu)清(qing)朝服飾,未來還(huan)將推(tui)出(chu)身著(zhu)明朝等(deng)其他朝代(dai)服飾的(de)(de)吉(ji)祥物形象,并以(yi)吉(ji)祥物為主題,開發一系列與故宮相關(guan)的(de)(de)文化產品,并用于動畫、出(chu)版(ban)物、文化紀念品等(deng)現(xian)代(dai)文化創(chuang)意(yi)產業領域(yu)。?
公交
北京市區乘坐1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、52路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、59路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、82路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、99路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、120路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、126路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、觀光1線、夜(ye)17路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、夜(ye)1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、夜(ye)2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、專(zhuan)2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)在(zai)“天安門東”站下(xia)車(che)然后(hou)步行約900米到達午(wu)門。或,乘坐1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、5路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、52路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、99路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、觀光1線、夜(ye)1路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)、專(zhuan)2路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)公共汽(qi)車(che)在(zai)“天安門西”下(xia)車(che),然后(hou)步行約1000米從午(wu)門進入。
地鐵
乘坐(zuo)地鐵(tie)1號線(xian)在“天安門東”站下車,步行約900米,即可(ke)從午門進入故(gu)宮。
提示
故宮不設停車(che)場,周邊的(de)公共停車(che)場也較遠,故不建議駕車(che)前(qian)來。
故(gu)宮又稱(cheng)紫(zi)(zi)禁城。 中國(guo)古(gu)代(dai)講(jiang)究“天(tian)(tian)人合一”的(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)理(li)念(nian),用天(tian)(tian)上(shang)的(de)(de)星辰(chen)與(yu)(yu)都城規(gui)劃(hua)相對應(ying),以(yi)突出(chu)政權(quan)的(de)(de)合法(fa)性和皇權(quan)的(de)(de)至(zhi)高(gao)性。天(tian)(tian)帝居住在紫(zi)(zi)微宮,而(er)人間皇帝自詡為(wei)(wei)受(shou)命(ming)于(yu)天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)“天(tian)(tian)子”,其(qi)居所(suo)應(ying)象征(zheng)紫(zi)(zi)微宮以(yi)與(yu)(yu)天(tian)(tian)帝對應(ying),《后漢書》載“天(tian)(tian)有紫(zi)(zi)微宮,是(shi)上(shang)帝之所(suo)居也(ye)。王(wang)者(zhe)立(li)宮,象而(er)為(wei)(wei)之”。 紫(zi)(zi)微、紫(zi)(zi)垣、紫(zi)(zi)宮等便成了(le)帝王(wang)宮殿(dian)的(de)(de)代(dai)稱(cheng)。由于(yu)封(feng)建皇宮在古(gu)代(dai)屬于(yu)禁地,常人不(bu)能進入(ru),故(gu)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“紫(zi)(zi)禁”。但明朝初期稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“皇城”,直(zhi)接稱(cheng)呼為(wei)(wei)“紫(zi)(zi)禁城”則大約(yue)始(shi)于(yu)明朝中晚(wan)期。
故宮嚴(yan)格地按《周禮·考工記》中“前(qian)朝后市,左(zuo)祖右社”的帝都營(ying)建(jian)(jian)原則建(jian)(jian)造。整個(ge)故宮,在建(jian)(jian)筑布置上,用形體(ti)(ti)變化、高低起伏的手(shou)法(fa),組合(he)成一(yi)個(ge)整體(ti)(ti)。在功(gong)能上符合(he)封建(jian)(jian)社會的等級制度。同時(shi)達(da)到(dao)左(zuo)右均衡(heng)和形體(ti)(ti)變化的藝術效果。
中(zhong)國建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)屋頂形(xing)(xing)式是豐富多彩的(de),在故宮(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中(zhong),不同形(xing)(xing)式的(de)屋頂就有10種以上。以三大殿(dian)為例(li),屋頂各(ge)不相(xiang)同。故宮(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)屋頂滿(man)鋪各(ge)色(se)琉(liu)璃(li)瓦(wa)(wa)件(jian)。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)殿(dian)座以黃色(se)為主(zhu)(zhu)。綠(lv)色(se)用于皇(huang)子(zi)居住(zhu)區的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。其它(ta)藍、紫、黑、翠以及孔雀綠(lv)、寶石藍等(deng)五色(se)繽紛的(de)琉(liu)璃(li),多用在花(hua)園(yuan)或琉(liu)璃(li)壁上。太和殿(dian)屋頂當中(zhong)正脊的(de)兩端各(ge)有琉(liu)璃(li)吻獸,穩重有力地(di)吞住(zhu)大脊。吻獸造型優美(mei),是構件(jian)又是裝飾物(wu)(wu)。一(yi)部分(fen)瓦(wa)(wa)件(jian)塑造出龍鳳、獅(shi)子(zi)、海(hai)馬等(deng)立體動物(wu)(wu)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang),象(xiang)征吉祥和威嚴,這些構件(jian)在建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)上起(qi)了裝飾作(zuo)用。
北(bei)(bei)京(jing)本來是燕(yan)王朱棣的(de)(de)封地(di)。靖難之(zhi)役以(yi)后,永樂元年(1403年),禮部尚書李至剛等(deng)奏稱(cheng),燕(yan)京(jing)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)是皇帝“龍興之(zhi)地(di)”,應當效仿明太祖(zu)對鳳陽的(de)(de)做法,立為(wei)陪(pei)都。明成祖(zu)于是大力(li)擢升(sheng)燕(yan)京(jing)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)府(fu)的(de)(de)地(di)位,以(yi)北(bei)(bei)平(ping)為(wei)北(bei)(bei)京(jing),改北(bei)(bei)平(ping)府(fu)為(wei)順天府(fu),稱(cheng)為(wei)“行(xing)在”同時開始遷發人民(min)以(yi)充實北(bei)(bei)京(jing);被強令遷入北(bei)(bei)京(jing)的(de)(de)有各地(di)流民(min)、江南富戶和(he)山西商人等(deng)百姓等(deng)。
永樂四年(1406年),明(ming)成(cheng)祖下詔(zhao)以南京皇宮(gong)(gong)(gong)(南京故宮(gong)(gong)(gong))為(wei)藍(lan)本,興(xing)建(jian)北(bei)京皇宮(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)城(cheng)垣。朱棣先派出人員(yuan),奔(ben)赴(fu)全國(guo)各地去(qu)開采(cai)名貴的木材和(he)(he)石料,然后(hou)運送到(dao)(dao)北(bei)京。光是準備工作,就(jiu)持續了(le)(le)11年。珍貴的楠木多(duo)生(sheng)(sheng)長在(zai)崇山(shan)(shan)峻(jun)嶺里,百(bai)姓冒險進山(shan)(shan)采(cai)木,很多(duo)人為(wei)此丟(diu)了(le)(le)性命,后(hou)世留下了(le)(le)“入山(shan)(shan)一千,出山(shan)(shan)五百(bai)”來形容采(cai)木所付(fu)出的生(sheng)(sheng)命代價。開采(cai)修建(jian)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)的石料,同樣(yang)很艱辛。現在(zai)保和(he)(he)殿(dian)后(hou)那(nei)塊最(zui)大的丹陛石,開采(cai)于北(bei)京西南的房山(shan)(shan)。史書(shu)記載(zai)了(le)(le)運送它時的情景(jing):數萬(wan)名勞工在(zai)道路兩旁每隔一里左(zuo)右(you)掘一口井,到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)寒冬臘月氣溫足(zu)夠低時,就(jiu)從井里汲(ji)水潑(po)成(cheng)冰道,用了(le)(le)28天的時間,才(cai)送到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)里。此外,還要在(zai)蘇州(zhou)燒制專供皇家建(jian)筑使用的方磚——金磚,山(shan)(shan)東臨清(qing)也要向北(bei)京運送貢磚。
永樂(le)七年(1409年),明(ming)成祖(zu)以北京(jing)(jing)為基地進行北征,同時開始在(zai)北京(jing)(jing)附近的昌平修建長陵。將自己的陵墓修在(zai)北京(jing)(jing)而不是南京(jing)(jing),證(zheng)明(ming)明(ming)成祖(zu)已經(jing)下定決心要遷(qian)都。
永(yong)樂十四(si)年(nian)(1416年(nian)),明(ming)成(cheng)祖召集群臣,正(zheng)(zheng)式商議遷(qian)都(dou)北京(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)宜。對(dui)于提出反對(dui)意見的(de)(de)(de)臣工,明(ming)成(cheng)祖一一革(ge)職或嚴懲(cheng),從此無(wu)人再敢反對(dui)遷(qian)都(dou)。次(ci)年(nian),以南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)紫(zi)禁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為模(mo)(mo)板的(de)(de)(de)北京(jing)(jing)(jing)紫(zi)禁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)(zheng)式動(dong)工。永(yong)樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),北京(jing)(jing)(jing)皇(huang)宮(gong)和北京(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建成(cheng)。北京(jing)(jing)(jing)皇(huang)宮(gong)以南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)皇(huang)宮(gong)為藍本,規(gui)模(mo)(mo)稍大。新修的(de)(de)(de)北京(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長四(si)十五里,呈規(gui)則的(de)(de)(de)方形,符合《周(zhou)禮·考工記》中(zhong)理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)形制。明(ming)成(cheng)祖下詔正(zheng)(zheng)式遷(qian)都(dou),改金陵應天(tian)府為南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing),改北京(jing)(jing)(jing)順天(tian)府為京(jing)(jing)(jing)師,但在南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)仍設六(liu)部(bu)等中(zhong)央(yang)機構,稱南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)某部(bu),以南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)為留(liu)都(dou)。
故宮(gong)建成后,明清(qing)宮(gong)廷(ting)五(wu)百(bai)多年(nian)的歷史,包含了帝后活動,等(deng)級制度、權力斗爭、宗教祭祀等(deng)。永樂十八年(nian)(1420年(nian)),北京宮(gong)殿竣工。次年(nian)發生大火,前三(san)(san)殿被焚毀。正統(tong)五(wu)年(nian)(1440年(nian)),重建前三(san)(san)殿及乾清(qing)宮(gong)。天(tian)順三(san)(san)年(nian)(1459年(nian)),營(ying)建西苑。經歷永樂、洪熙、宣德、正統(tong)四(si)代,整20年(nian)。
嘉(jia)靖三十六年(nian)(nian)(1557年(nian)(nian)),紫禁城(cheng)大火,前三殿、奉天門、文武樓、午門全部(bu)被焚毀(hui)。至嘉(jia)靖四十年(nian)(nian)(1561年(nian)(nian))才全部(bu)重建(jian)完工(gong)。嘉(jia)靖時期,故(gu)宮三大殿名(ming)稱改(gai)為皇(huang)極殿、中極殿、建(jian)極殿。
萬(wan)歷二(er)十五年(nian)(1597年(nian)),紫禁(jin)城大(da)火(huo),焚毀前三(san)殿(dian)、后(hou)(hou)三(san)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。復(fu)建工程直(zhi)至天啟七年(nian)(1627年(nian))方完工。在(zai)明(ming)朝,乾清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)的(de)主要寢宮(gong)(gong)(gong),也(ye)是(shi)主要政治活動場所。自永(yong)樂皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)朱棣至崇禎皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)朱由(you)檢(jian),共有14位(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)曾(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)此居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)。由(you)于(yu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)高大(da),空間(jian)過敞,皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)在(zai)此居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)時曾(ceng)(ceng)分隔(ge)成數室(shi)。據記載,明(ming)代乾清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)有暖閣9間(jian),分上下(xia)兩層,共置(zhi)床27張,后(hou)(hou)妃們得以進御(yu)。由(you)于(yu)室(shi)多(duo)床多(duo),皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)每晚就寢之(zhi)處很(hen)少有人知道(dao),以防(fang)(fang)不測。皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)雖然(ran)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)在(zai)迷(mi)樓式的(de)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)殿(dian)內,且防(fang)(fang)范森嚴(yan),但仍不能高枕無憂。據記載,嘉靖年(nian)間(jian)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)“壬寅(yin)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)變”后(hou)(hou),世宗(zong)移居(ju)(ju)(ju)西苑,不敢回乾清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)。萬(wan)歷帝(di)的(de)鄭貴妃為(wei)(wei)爭(zheng)皇(huang)(huang)太后(hou)(hou)鬧(nao)出的(de)“紅丸案(an)”、泰昌(chang)妃李選侍爭(zheng)做(zuo)皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)(hou)而(er)移居(ju)(ju)(ju)仁壽殿(dian)的(de)“移宮(gong)(gong)(gong)案(an)”,都發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)乾清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)。明(ming)代乾清(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)曾(ceng)(ceng)作為(wei)(wei)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)守喪之(zhi)處。
崇(chong)禎十(shi)七年(清順(shun)(shun)治(zhi)元年、大順(shun)(shun)永昌元年,1644年),李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)軍(jun)(jun)攻陷北(bei)京(jing),明朝滅(mie)亡,但李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)很快被清軍(jun)(jun)在山海關擊敗。李自(zi)(zi)成(cheng)向陜西撤退前焚毀(hui)紫禁(jin)城,僅武英(ying)殿(dian)、建(jian)極殿(dian)、英(ying)華殿(dian)、南薰殿(dian)、四(si)周角樓和皇極門(men)未焚,其余建(jian)筑(zhu)全(quan)部被毀(hui)。五(wu)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)二(er),清軍(jun)(jun)進(jin)入北(bei)京(jing),紫禁(jin)城被清軍(jun)(jun)接管。同年十(shi)月(yue)(yue),清世祖順(shun)(shun)治(zhi)帝(di)遷都(dou)北(bei)京(jing)。十(shi)月(yue)(yue)初(chu)一,順(shun)(shun)治(zhi)帝(di)在太和門(men)向全(quan)國頒布(bu)登(deng)基詔書,清王(wang)朝正(zheng)式定(ding)都(dou)北(bei)京(jing)。此(ci)后(hou)歷時14年,將中路(lu)建(jian)筑(zhu)基本修復。
康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1683年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),開始重建(jian)紫(zi)(zi)禁城其余(yu)被毀部分建(jian)筑,至康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)三(san)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)基本完工。 清朝(chao)入關之(zhi)后(hou),依照明(ming)朝(chao)的(de)舊例,順(shun)治帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)都將(jiang)乾(qian)(qian)清宮作為居(ju)住和處(chu)理朝(chao)政的(de)主要場地。雍(yong)正帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)即(ji)位(wei)之(zhi)后(hou),開始移居(ju)養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)。養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)位(wei)于紫(zi)(zi)禁城內廷(ting)、乾(qian)(qian)清宮西(xi)側,始建(jian)于明(ming)朝(chao)嘉靖年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間。起(qi)初,它并不是(shi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)寢宮。清康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)時期,內務府(fu)在此設置專為皇(huang)(huang)(huang)室造(zao)辦(ban)宮廷(ting)活計(ji)的(de)諸多作坊(fang),稱(cheng)“養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)造(zao)辦(ban)處(chu)”。康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)六十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1722年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),康(kang)(kang)熙(xi)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)去(qu)世(shi)后(hou),即(ji)位(wei)的(de)雍(yong)正皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)并沒有搬到(dao)乃父(fu)的(de)寢宮乾(qian)(qian)清宮去(qu)住,而是(shi)將(jiang)西(xi)側遵(zun)義門(men)內暫時用作為父(fu)守孝(xiao)之(zhi)“苫(shan)次”的(de)養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)辟為皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)寢宮。從(cong)此,養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)開始成(cheng)為皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)居(ju)住和清朝(chao)朝(chao)政的(de)主要處(chu)理地點(dian),此后(hou)軍機處(chu)設立(li)之(zhi)后(hou)辦(ban)公地點(dian)也在養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)附近。乾(qian)(qian)隆帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)即(ji)位(wei)之(zhi)后(hou),對養(yang)(yang)心殿(dian)(dian)殿(dian)(dian)區進行了(le)大規模的(de)擴建(jian)和改(gai)建(jian),逐漸形成(cheng)了(le)一定的(de)規制。從(cong)雍(yong)正帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)后(hou),乾(qian)(qian)隆、嘉慶、道光、咸豐(feng)、同治、光緒、宣(xuan)統八位(wei)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)都在此居(ju)住。一直(zhi)到(dao)宣(xuan)統帝(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)被趕出紫(zi)(zi)禁城。
咸豐帝在位時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,也(ye)(ye)曾(ceng)把(ba)長(chang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)與前(qian)面的啟(qi)祥宮(gong)(gong)(即現在的太極殿)打通,連(lian)為(wei)一體,咸豐去世后,慈(ci)禧(xi)也(ye)(ye)曾(ceng)在這里(li)居住,一人獨享兩宮(gong)(gong)。西(xi)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)(gong)到了(le)晚清的時(shi)(shi)(shi)候,慈(ci)禧(xi)開(kai)始改造某些(xie)宮(gong)(gong)殿。因此,西(xi)六(liu)(liu)宮(gong)(gong)中有四個宮(gong)(gong)都留下了(le)慈(ci)禧(xi)的足跡。 咸豐帝死后,慈(ci)安和(he)慈(ci)禧(xi)早期垂簾聽政時(shi)(shi)(shi),都曾(ceng)居住在長(chang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong),同(tong)治(zhi)十年(1871年),慈(ci)安從長(chang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)搬回鐘粹宮(gong)(gong)居住,長(chang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)便成為(wei)慈(ci)禧(xi)太后一人獨享的宮(gong)(gong)院。太極殿原來也(ye)(ye)只是(shi)二進院落,咸豐改修長(chang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),將太極殿后殿辟為(wei)穿堂殿,使太極殿與長(chang)春(chun)(chun)(chun)宮(gong)(gong)連(lian)接(jie)成相互貫通的四進院。
宣(xuan)統三年(nian)(1911年(nian))辛亥革命(ming)后,紫(zi)禁城(cheng)宮殿本(ben)應(ying)全部收歸國有(you),但按照那(nei)時擬定的(de)(de)《清(qing)室優待條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)》,遜(xun)帝愛新覺羅·溥(pu)儀被允許“暫居(ju)(ju)宮禁”,即“后寢(qin)”部分。侍衛人(ren)等(deng)照常留用;王(wang)公世(shi)爵仍(reng)(reng)(reng)其(qi)舊(jiu)”等(deng)條(tiao)(tiao)款。所以(yi)依(yi)據《清(qing)室優待條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)》部份(fen)條(tiao)(tiao)款,加(jia)之(zhi)袁(yuan)世(shi)凱感念(nian)舊(jiu)主恩(en)德,積極扶(fu)持,溥(pu)儀退位后,帝制雖(sui)然被廢除,但皇(huang)帝溥(pu)儀以(yi)及原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)皇(huang)室大臣等(deng)卻仍(reng)(reng)(reng)然安然無恙地居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)在(zai)皇(huang)宮里。在(zai)皇(huang)宮紫(zi)禁城(cheng)內(nei)生活期間(jian),溥(pu)儀仍(reng)(reng)(reng)舊(jiu)發(fa)布(bu)“上諭”,仍(reng)(reng)(reng)用宣(xuan)統年(nian)號(hao)紀年(nian),遺老遺少仍(reng)(reng)(reng)行跪拜(bai)大禮。宮內(nei)依(yi)然還保有(you)內(nei)務府、宗人(ren)府和慎(shen)刑司(si)等(deng)機(ji)構,故臣贈(zeng)謚,不(bu)改衣冠(guan),觸犯(fan)王(wang)法(fa)者由慎(shen)刑司(si)處治。遂(sui)使當時的(de)(de)紫(zi)禁城(cheng)儼然成為(wei)“國中(zhong)之(zhi)國”。
1917年7月1日,徐州軍閥(fa)張勛擁立清遜帝(di)溥儀復(fu)辟。為了讓張勛投(tou)降,段(duan)祺瑞發(fa)動(dong)了一切(qie)可以(yi)發(fa)動(dong)的(de)力(li)量,其(qi)中(zhong)包括命令(ling)北(bei)京南苑航空學(xue)校的(de)師(shi)生加入戰斗,用飛機轟(hong)炸紫(zi)禁(jin)城。在(zai)紫(zi)禁(jin)城內投(tou)下(xia)三枚(mei)小炸彈(dan),以(yi)示警(jing)告。飛機距(ju)紫(zi)禁(jin)城的(de)高度只有300米,超低空飛行。 炸到(dao)了紫(zi)禁(jin)城東六宮(gong)當(dang)中(zhong)的(de)延禧宮(gong),使當(dang)時的(de)建筑輕(qing)度損壞。這被認為是(shi)東亞第一次空襲轟(hong)炸。
1924年(nian),馮玉祥發(fa)動“北京政變”,將(jiang)溥儀逐出(chu)宮(gong)(gong)禁,同時成立(li)“清室善后(hou)委(wei)員(yuan)會”,接管了故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)。于1925年(nian)10月(yue)10日宣布故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博物院正式成立(li),對外開放。1925年(nian)以后(hou)紫禁城才被稱為“故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)”。隨(sui)著清王朝的沒落,特別(bie)是(shi)1949年(nian)前的38年(nian)中,故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑日漸破敗,有(you)多處宮(gong)(gong)殿群倒(dao)塌,垃圾成山(shan)。
抗(kang)日戰爭全面(mian)爆發前夕(xi),1933年(nian),故宮(gong)博物院為保(bao)護其文(wen)物安全,不至遭戰火(huo)毀滅或(huo)被日本帝國主(zhu)義掠(lve)奪,決定采(cai)取(qu)文(wen)物避敵南遷之策,并(bing)在南京建立文(wen)物庫房,成(cheng)立故宮(gong)博物院南京分(fen)院。從1933年(nian)2月至5月,先后檢選出文(wen)物、圖書(shu)、檔案13427箱又64包,分(fen)五批(pi)先運抵上海(hai),后又運至南京。
1949年(nian)中華人民共和國(guo)成立(li)以后,對故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)建筑進(jin)行了大(da)規(gui)模的修繕,同(tong)時整理出大(da)量的文物(wu)。1961年(nian)國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)頒布(bu)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)為全(quan)國(guo)重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單位。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)現存文物(wu)150萬件(套(tao))。 1987年(nian)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)被聯合(he)國(guo)教科(ke)文組織列為“世界文化遺(yi)產(chan)”,辟(pi)為“故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)院(yuan)”。
21世紀以來,故宮博物院平均(jun)每年接待中(zhong)外(wai)觀眾600—800萬人(ren)次。隨著旅游事業(ye)的(de)發展,觀眾的(de)人(ren)數(shu)有增無減,可見(jian)人(ren)們(men)對紫禁城的(de)興趣長盛不(bu)衰。
2013年(nian)8月(yue)15日,壽康宮(gong)在(zai)進行(xing)原(yuan)狀陳(chen)列后,也正式展出。而(er)位于慈寧宮(gong)的(de)雕塑館在(zai)2015年(nian)5月(yue)31日開館。而(er)按照2015年(nian)規(gui)模,到2020年(nian)故宮(gong)的(de)開放面積將達76%。紫(zi)禁(jin)城(cheng)正在(zai)進行(xing)文物古(gu)跡修(xiu)繕、環境整治、擴(kuo)大陳(chen)列展覽的(de)開放區(qu)域。
2014年(nian)11月(yue)23日,北(bei)京故(gu)宮(gong)吉(ji)祥(xiang)物(wu)首度對外亮相,該(gai)吉(ji)祥(xiang)物(wu)源自中國傳統的(de)(de)吉(ji)祥(xiang)龍(long)鳳形(xing)象,分(fen)別為龍(long)“壯(zhuang)壯(zhuang)”和鳳“美美”。2015年(nian)10月(yue)11日,故(gu)宮(gong)博物(wu)院(yuan)正式對觀眾開放(fang)慈寧(ning)宮(gong)區(qu)域、午門(men)雁(yan)翅樓區(qu)域、東華門(men)等新的(de)(de)區(qu)域,使故(gu)宮(gong)的(de)(de)開放(fang)面(mian)積由(you)目前的(de)(de)52%增加至65%。
2016年2月(yue)25日(ri)下午(wu),在人民大會堂由故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)物院(yuan)主辦“太璞如琢——崔如琢藝(yi)術(shu)故(gu)(gu)宮大展”。2016年4月(yue)12日(ri),故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)物院(yuan)院(yuan)長單(dan)霽翔介紹,故(gu)(gu)宮的開(kai)放面積再增11%,達76%,并開(kai)放多種形式的新展覽(lan)。同時,“洛陽(yang)牡(mu)丹與故(gu)(gu)宮博(bo)物院(yuan)牡(mu)丹題(ti)材文物聯(lian)展”在故(gu)(gu)宮開(kai)幕(mu)。有1.2萬盆從洛陽(yang)抵(di)京的牡(mu)丹被分(fen)散布置(zhi)于慈寧(ning)宮花(hua)園、乾(qian)清門廣場、慈寧(ning)宮、壽康(kang)(kang)宮、永康(kang)(kang)左門—右門、隆(long)宗門外等(deng)區域(yu),重現了清代紫禁城牡(mu)丹花(hua)開(kai)盛況。
2018年(nian)5月24日,故宮博(bo)物院決定自(zi)2018年(nian)6月開(kai)始(shi)實(shi)行周一全天閉館,國家(jia)法定節假日除(chu)外。
北京(jing)故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)大量珍(zhen)貴(gui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),據統計總共達(da)1052653件(jian)之(zhi)多(duo),統稱有(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)100萬件(jian),占中(zhong)國全國文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)1/6。截至2005年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)31日,中(zhong)國文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)系統文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)收(shou)(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)單位館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)一級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)總數(shu)(shu)已達(da)109197件(jian),現(xian)已全部(bu)在國家文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)局建檔備(bei)案。在全國保存一級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)1330個(ge)收(shou)(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)單位中(zhong),故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)院以8273件(jian)(套)高居榜首,并收(shou)(shou)有(you)很多(duo)絕無僅有(you)的(de)(de)(de)國寶(bao)。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)一些(xie)宮(gong)(gong)殿中(zhong)設立了(le)綜合性的(de)(de)(de)歷史藝術館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、繪畫館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、分類的(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)瓷館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、青銅器(qi)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、明清工藝美術館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、銘刻館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、玩(wan)具館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)房四寶(bao)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、玩(wan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、珍(zhen)寶(bao)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、鐘表館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)和(he)清代(dai)宮(gong)(gong)廷(ting)典章文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)展(zhan)覽(lan)等,收(shou)(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)有(you)大量古代(dai)藝術珍(zhen)品,是中(zhong)國收(shou)(shou)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)最豐富的(de)(de)(de)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。故(gu)宮(gong)(gong)博(bo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)院在1949年(nian)(nian)以后進一步豐富了(le)館(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)藏(zang)(zang)(zang),截至到(dao)(dao)2011年(nian)(nian),文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)(shu)達(da)到(dao)(dao)1807558件(jian),其中(zhong)珍(zhen)貴(gui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1684490件(jian)、一般文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)115491件(jian)、標(biao)本7577件(jian)。
繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua):故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)博(bo)物院藏元代(dai)及以前(qian)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)近420件(jian),其中17件(jian)入選國(guo)家文物局(ju)《第二批禁(jin)止出國(guo)(境)展覽文物目錄(書畫(hua)(hua)(hua)類)》。故(gu)(gu)宮(gong)藏有諸(zhu)多中國(guo)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)史上的孤品、絕品。如東晉顧(gu)愷(kai)之《洛(luo)神賦圖》、隋展子虔《游春圖》、唐閻立本《步(bu)輦圖》等。
書(shu)法:故宮博物院藏(zang)元(yuan)代(dai)及以前書(shu)法310件,其中(zhong)11件入選國家文物局《第二(er)批(pi)禁(jin)止出國(境)展覽文物目錄(lu)(書(shu)畫類)》。故宮藏(zang)有諸多中(zhong)國書(shu)法史上的孤品、絕品。如東晉(jin)王獻之《中(zhong)秋(qiu)帖》、東晉(jin)王珣《伯遠帖》卷等。
瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi):北京(jing)故宮擁有(you)35萬件(jian)(jian)陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi),包括一級(ji)品1100多(duo)(duo)件(jian)(jian),二級(ji)品約5.6萬件(jian)(jian),另有(you)從全國200多(duo)(duo)個窯(yao)(yao)口所采集的3.6萬余片陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)標本(ben)。收(shou)藏特色尤其體現(xian)在三國至唐五代(dai)陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)、元瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)、清(qing)中晚期(qi)御窯(yao)(yao)、宮廷陳設用瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)、紫砂器(qi)、多(duo)(duo)釉彩大型瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)、清(qing)御窯(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產資(zi)料、歷代(dai)民窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)和(he)考古發掘資(zi)料。
銅器(qi)(qi):故宮藏歷(li)代銅器(qi)(qi)1.5萬(wan)余件(jian)(不包(bao)括錢(qian)幣(bi)和(he)銅鏡(jing)),其(qi)中先秦青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)約1萬(wan)件(jian),有銘文的1600余件(jian)這三個數量(liang)(liang)均(jun)占中外傳世(shi)與出土數量(liang)(liang)總和(he)的十分之一(yi)以上(shang)(shang),故宮是世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)收藏中國(guo)青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)數量(liang)(liang)最(zui)多(duo)的博物(wu)館。另有歷(li)代錢(qian)幣(bi)1萬(wan)余枚、銅鏡(jing)4000面(mian)、印押1萬(wan)余件(jian)。故宮青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)館設(she)在承乾(qian)宮和(he)永和(he)宮。
玉器:故宮(gong)藏玉器28461件,涵蓋中國(guo)主要歷史(shi)時期(qi),尤以(yi)清代(dai)宮(gong)廷(ting)玉器為收藏特色。故宮(gong)玉器館(guan)設在東六宮(gong)的鐘粹宮(gong)。
鐘(zhong)(zhong)表(biao):故宮收(shou)藏中外鐘(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)1500多件,外國(guo)鐘(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)包(bao)括英國(guo)、法國(guo)、瑞(rui)士、美國(guo)、日本所(suo)產精品,體現了18世紀至20世紀初世界鐘(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)制(zhi)造業的最高水平。故宮鐘(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)館設在奉先殿。
甲(jia)(jia)骨(gu)(gu)文(wen):故宮博物(wu)院所(suo)藏(zang)甲(jia)(jia)骨(gu)(gu)總(zong)數(shu),20世(shi)紀60年代(dai)調(diao)查(cha)粗(cu)估有(you)22463片,占世(shi)界現存殷(yin)墟甲(jia)(jia)骨(gu)(gu)總(zong)數(shu)的18%,僅次于國家圖書館(34512片)和臺灣歷(li)史(shi)語(yu)言研究所(suo)(25836片)。
詩(shi)(shi)作(zuo):2014年(nian)7月(yue),故宮博物(wu)院在清理文物(wu)時,工作(zuo)人員在庫(ku)房里發現了兩個箱子(zi),上面(mian)寫著“乾(qian)隆詩(shi)(shi)稿”,打(da)開(kai)后,竟然是乾(qian)隆皇帝(di)(di)的(de)2.8萬(wan)首(shou)詩(shi)(shi)的(de)詩(shi)(shi)稿。過去庫(ku)房里有1.7萬(wan)多首(shou)乾(qian)隆的(de)詩(shi)(shi),加(jia)上這次的(de)發現,有4萬(wan)多首(shou)。史傳乾(qian)隆皇帝(di)(di)喜歡吟(yin)詩(shi)(shi)作(zuo)賦,一生寫了4萬(wan)多首(shou)詩(shi)(shi)作(zuo)。
2015年,故(gu)宮與(yu)中國建(jian)筑設計研究院建(jian)筑歷(li)史研究所合作編制的《故(gu)宮保(bao)護總體規劃》面世并征詢意(yi)見。《規劃》的保(bao)護對(dui)象為故(gu)宮及其(qi)產權歸(gui)屬單位,包(bao)括紫禁城、端(duan)門、大(da)高玄殿、皇史宬和(he)稽查內務府御史衙門,共(gong)5處明清(qing)皇家建(jian)筑群,總占(zhan)地面積為106公頃(qing)。規劃范圍與(yu)故(gu)宮的世界文化遺(yi)產緩沖區(qu),即(ji)故(gu)宮周(zhou)邊區(qu)域等同,預計于2025年實現目標。
故宮以1500萬人次(ci)的年接(jie)待觀眾數量(liang),位居世界所有博物館和世界文化遺產之首。自2015年6月(yue)13日(ri)(ri)起(qi),故宮試行每日(ri)(ri)限流8萬人與實名制售票。
2016年8月22日,故宮在京宣(xuan)布養(yang)(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)研究性修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)科(ke)研課題(ti)全面啟動。養(yang)(yang)心(xin)殿(dian)研究性修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)是中(zhong)國(guo)首個可移動文(wen)物與(yu)不可移動文(wen)物的綜合研究性修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu),故宮博物院將以此項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)為契(qi)機(ji),通過機(ji)制創新,建(jian)立文(wen)化(hua)遺產修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)的科(ke)學規(gui)范,在國(guo)內創立文(wen)物修(xiu)(xiu)復(fu)(fu)與(yu)保護的典范。